MET Receptor Activation
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Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), the ligand for MET receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), is secreted into the extracellular matrix (ECM) as an inactive single chain precursor (pro-HGF). The biologically active HGF is the heterodimer of alpha and beta chains that are produced via proteolytic cleavage of pro-HGF by the plasma membrane bound serine protease Hepsin (HPN) (Kirchhofer et al. 2005, Owen et al. 2010) or the ECM-associated serine protease Hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFAC, commonly known as HGFA) (Shia et al. 2005). HGF binds to the extracellular SEMA and PSI domains of MET RTK, inducing a conformational change that enables MET dimerization or oligomerization (Kirchhofer et al. 2004, Stamos et al. 2004, Hays and Watowich 2004, Gherardi et al. 2006). MET dimers trans-autophosphorylate on tyrosine residues in the activation loop, leading to increased kinase activity, and on tyrosine residues at the cytoplasmic tail that serve as docking sites for adapter proteins involved in MET signal transduction (Ferracini et al. 1991, Longati et al. 1994, Rodrigues and Park 1994, Ponzetto et al. 1994).<br>CD44v6 was implicated as a MET co-receptor, but its role has been disputed (Orian-Rousseau et al. 2002, Dortet et al. 2010, Olaku et al. 2011, Hasenauer et al. 2013, Elliot et al. 2014).
肝细胞生长因子(HGF),为MET受体酪氨酸激酶(RTK)的配体,以非活性单链前体(前HGF)的形式分泌至细胞外基质(ECM)。具有生物活性的HGF是由α链和β链组成的异二聚体,这两种链通过质膜结合的丝氨酸蛋白酶Hepsin(HPN)(Kirchhofer等人,2005年,Owen等人,2010年)或与ECM相关的丝氨酸蛋白酶肝细胞生长因子激活剂(HGFAC,通常称为HGFA)(Shia等人,2005年)对前HGF进行蛋白水解切割而生成的。HGF与MET RTK的细胞外SEMA和PSI结构域结合,诱导构象变化,从而实现MET的二聚化或寡聚化(Kirchhofer等人,2004年,Stamos等人,2004年,Hays和Watowich,2004年,Gherardi等人,2006年)。MET二聚体在活化环中的酪氨酸残基上进行转自磷酸化,导致激酶活性增加,并在细胞质尾部的酪氨酸残基上进行磷酸化,这些残基作为适配蛋白的停靠位点,适配蛋白参与MET信号转导(Ferracini等人,1991年,Longati等人,1994年,Rodrigues和Park,1994年,Ponzetto等人,1994年)。CD44v6被指认为MET的共受体,但其作用尚有争议(Orian-Rousseau等人,2002年,Dortet等人,2010年,Olaku等人,2011年,Hasenauer等人,2013年,Elliot等人,2014年)。
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