The reaction rates in the metabolites’ mass balance equations listed in Table 1.

F describes the effect of glucose inhibition (see Eq (2)). In all equations, V is the maximum reaction rate (mM h−1), K is the Michaelis constant (mM), α is the kinetic parameter described by Eq (4), kd is the first order biomass death constant (h−1), and μ is the specific biomass growth rate (h−1).