Regulation of TP53 Activity through Phosphorylation
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Phosphorylation of TP53 (p53) at the N-terminal serine residues S15 and S20 plays a critical role in protein stabilization as phosphorylation at these sites interferes with binding of the ubiquitin ligase MDM2 to TP53. Several different kinases can phosphorylate TP53 at S15 and S20. In response to double strand DNA breaks, S15 is phosphorylated by ATM (Banin et al. 1998, Canman et al. 1998, Khanna et al. 1998), and S20 by CHEK2 (Chehab et al. 1999, Chehab et al. 2000, Hirao et al. 2000). DNA damage or other types of genotoxic stress, such as stalled replication forks, can trigger ATR-mediated phosphorylation of TP53 at S15 (Lakin et al. 1999, Tibbetts et al. 1999) and CHEK1-mediated phosphorylation of TP53 at S20 (Shieh et al. 2000). In response to various types of cell stress, NUAK1 (Hou et al. 2011), CDK5 (Zhang et al. 2002, Lee et al. 2007, Lee et al. 2008), AMPK (Jones et al. 2005) and TP53RK (Abe et al. 2001, Facchin et al. 2003) can phosphorylate TP53 at S15, while PLK3 (Xie, Wang et al. 2001, Xie, Wu et al. 2001) can phosphorylate TP53 at S20.<p>Phosphorylation of TP53 at serine residue S46 promotes transcription of TP53-regulated apoptotic genes rather than cell cycle arrest genes. Several kinases can phosphorylate S46 of TP53, including ATM-activated DYRK2, which, like TP53, is targeted for degradation by MDM2 (Taira et al. 2007, Taira et al. 2010). TP53 is also phosphorylated at S46 by HIPK2 in the presence of the TP53 transcriptional target TP53INP1 (D'Orazi et al. 2002, Hofmann et al. 2002, Tomasini et al. 2003). CDK5, in addition to phosphorylating TP53 at S15, also phosphorylates it at S33 and S46, which promotes neuronal cell death (Lee et al. 2007).<p>MAPKAPK5 (PRAK) phosphorylates TP53 at serine residue S37, promoting cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence in response to oncogenic RAS signaling (Sun et al. 2007).<p>NUAK1 phosphorylates TP53 at S15 and S392, and phosphorylation at S392 may contribute to TP53-mediated transcriptional activation of cell cycle arrest genes (Hou et al. 2011). S392 of TP53 is also phosphorylated by the complex of casein kinase II (CK2) bound to the FACT complex, enhancing transcriptional activity of TP53 in response to UV irradiation (Keller et al. 2001, Keller and Lu 2002).<p>The activity of TP53 is inhibited by phosphorylation at serine residue S315, which enhances MDM2 binding and degradation of TP53. S315 of TP53 is phosphorylated by Aurora kinase A (AURKA) (Katayama et al. 2004) and CDK2 (Luciani et al. 2000). Interaction with MDM2 and the consequent TP53 degradation is also increased by phosphorylation of TP53 threonine residue T55 by the transcription initiation factor complex TFIID (Li et al. 2004).<p>Aurora kinase B (AURKB) has been shown to phosphorylate TP53 at serine residue S269 and threonine residue T284, which is possibly facilitated by the binding of the NIR co-repressor. AURKB-mediated phosphorylation was reported to inhibit TP53 transcriptional activity through an unknown mechanism (Wu et al. 2011). A putative direct interaction between TP53 and AURKB has also been described and linked to TP53 phosphorylation and S183, T211 and S215 and TP53 degradation (Gully et al. 2012).
TP53(p53)蛋白在N端丝氨酸残基S15和S20上的磷酸化在蛋白质稳定化过程中发挥着至关重要的作用,因为这些位点的磷酸化会干扰泛素连接酶MDM2与TP53的结合。多种不同的激酶能够磷酸化TP53的S15和S20位点。针对双链DNA断裂,S15由ATM(Banin等,1998年,Canman等,1998年,Khanna等,1998年)磷酸化,而S20由CHEK2(Chehab等,1999年,Chehab等,2000年,Hirao等,2000年)磷酸化。DNA损伤或其他类型的致突变压力,如停滞的复制叉,可以触发ATR介导的TP53在S15位点的磷酸化(Lakin等,1999年,Tibbetts等,1999年)以及CHEK1介导的TP53在S20位点的磷酸化(Shieh等,2000年)。针对各种类型的细胞应激,NUAK1(Hou等,2011年)、CDK5(Zhang等,2002年,Lee等,2007年,Lee等,2008年)、AMPK(Jones等,2005年)和TP53RK(Abe等,2001年,Facchin等,2003年)可以在S15位点磷酸化TP53,而PLK3(Xie,Wang等,2001年,Xie,Wu等,2001年)可以在S20位点磷酸化TP53。<p>TP53在丝氨酸残基S46的磷酸化促进TP53调控的凋亡基因的转录,而非细胞周期停滞基因的转录。多种激酶可以磷酸化TP53的S46位点,包括由ATM激活的DYRK2,与TP53一样,它也被MDM2靶向降解(Taira等,2007年,Taira等,2010年)。在存在TP53转录靶点TP53INP1的情况下,TP53也由HIPK2在S46位点磷酸化(D'Orazi等,2002年,Hofmann等,2002年,Tomasini等,2003年)。除了在S15位点磷酸化TP53外,CDK5还磷酸化S33和S46位点,这促进了神经细胞的死亡(Lee等,2007年)。<p>MAPKAPK5(PRAK)在S37位点上磷酸化TP53,响应癌基因RAS信号通路,促进细胞周期停滞和细胞衰老(Sun等,2007年)。<p>NUAK1在S15和S392位点磷酸化TP53,S392位点的磷酸化可能有助于TP53介导的细胞周期停滞基因的转录激活(Hou等,2011年)。在UV照射的情况下,TP53的S392位点也由结合到FACT复合物的酪蛋白激酶II(CK2)复合物磷酸化,增强了TP53的转录活性(Keller等,2001年,Keller和Lu,2002年)。<p>TP53在丝氨酸残基S315位点的磷酸化抑制了其活性,增强了MDM2的结合和TP53的降解。TP53的S315位点由Aurora激酶A(AURKA)(Katayama等,2004年)和CDK2(Luciani等,2000年)磷酸化。TP53苏氨酸残基T55的磷酸化也通过转录起始因子复合物TFIID增加了与MDM2相互作用及其后果的TP53降解(Li等,2004年)。<p>Aurora激酶B(AURKB)已被证明在S269位点和S284位点的苏氨酸残基上磷酸化TP53,这种磷酸化可能被NIR共抑制剂的结合所促进。据报道,AURKB介导的磷酸化通过未知机制抑制了TP53的转录活性(Wu等,2011年)。还描述了TP53与AURKB之间的潜在直接相互作用,并将其与TP53的磷酸化以及S183、T211和S215位点和TP53的降解联系起来(Gully等,2012年)。
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