General characteristics of study participants.

Background
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with chronic airway obstruction, even in patients who have achieved viral suppression from combination antiretroviral treatment (cART). Spirometry is a supplementary test that aids in diagnosing pulmonary dysfunction in people living with HIV.
Aim
To compare the prevalence of spirometric abnormalities among cART-treated HIV patients and cART-naïve HIV patients with non-HIV controls with no recent history of pulmonary infection in a peri-urban hospital in Ghana.
Methods
In a case-control design, spirometry was performed in 158 cART-treated HIV patients, 150 cART-naïve HIV patients and 156 non-HIV controls. Clinical, sociodemographic data and respiratory symptoms were collected using a structured questionnaire. Spirometric abnormalities were categorised as obstructive (OSP) or restrictive (RSP) spirometric patterns based on the Cameroonian reference equation.
Results
The prevalence of OSP was higher in the cART-treated and cART-naïve HIV patients compared to non-HIV controls (13.9% vs 10.7% vs 5.1% respectively, p = 0.026), whereas that of RSP was similar among the study groups. Respiratory symptoms were common among cART-treated and cART-naïve HIV patients compared to non-HIV controls (48.1% vs 40% vs 19.2% respectively, p < 0.001). The major factors associated with OSP were female gender [OR (95% CI) = 2.46 (1.09–5.13), p = 0.031], former cigarette smoking [1.92 (1.04–3.89), p < 0.001], exposure to medium-to-high levels of biomass [3.07 (1.16–8.73), p = 0.019], presence of a respiratory symptom [1.89 (1.11–5.08), p = 0.029] and unemployment [3.26 (1.19–8.95), p = 0.042]. The major determinants of RSP were age, female gender [1.74 (1.05–4.29), p = 0.041], former cigarette smoking [2.31 (1.27–6.77), p < 0.001] and medium-to-high biomass exposure [1.58 (1.06–5.37), p = 0.043].
Conclusion
In HIV patients without any recent pulmonary infection in a peri-urban area of Ghana, there was a higher prevalence of OSP among cART-treated and cART naïve HIV patients compared to the non-HIV control. However, the prevalence of RSP was similar among HIV patients and non-HIV controls.