A One Health analysis of potential viral sharing between humans and great apes

Human-animal pathogenic transmissions threaten both human and animal health, and processes catalyzing zoonotic spillover and spillback are complex. Prior field studies offer partial insight into these processes but overlook animal ecologies and human perceptions and practices facilitating human-animal contact. Conducted in Cameroon and a European zoo, this holistic study elucidates these processes, integrating metagenomic, historical, anthropological and great ape ecological analyses, and real-time evaluation of human-great ape contact types and frequencies. Surprisingly, we find more enteric virome sharing between Cameroonian humans and great apes than in the zoo, a virome convergence between Cameroonian humans and gorillas, and adenovirus and enterovirus taxa as most frequently shared between Cameroonian humans and apes. In addition to physical contact from hunting, meat handling and fecal exposure, overlapping human cultivation and gorilla pillaging in small forest gardens explains these unexpected findings. Our multidisciplinary analyses identify focused environmental co-use as a complementary mechanism for viral sharing.