Supplementary file 1_Bacterial consortia enhance nutrient uptakes and molecular response in tomato seedlings under alkaline soil stress: a comparative study.pdf

Nutrient deficiencies in alkaline soils (pH 7.9–8.5) frequently limit plant growth due to insufficient nutrient availability and uptake. This study investigated the effects of two bacterial strains, VITK-1 (Pseudomonas sp.) and VITK-3 (Burkholderia sp.), on nutrient absorption, growth, and gene expression in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings grown in alkaline soil. Bacterial treatments were applied individually and as a consortium, and their ability to promote plant growth and nutrient solubility was evaluated. In vitro studies demonstrated the strains’ ability to solubilize essential nutrients, generate extracellular enzymes, and exhibit a variety of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) characteristics, with strong antagonistic activity against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici and Ralstonia solanacearum (35.7%–76.5%). In vivo investigations revealed notable improvements in germination (73.3%), root and shoot development, and overall seedling vigor when compared to untreated controls. The bacterial consortium significantly improved protein (54.5%) and proline (69.5%) levels, antioxidant activity (50.7%), phenolic (60.9%), and flavonoid content (52.5%), and decreased carbohydrate accumulation. Furthermore, treated plants exhibited activation of nutrient-regulating genes (NRT2, PR-1, and AMT-1) associated with better root metabolism (improved 1.58–1.70 mg) and resilience to stress (GR-1 and DREB3). These results show the potential of PGPR inoculants, particularly consortia, as a promising strategy for improving nutrient uptake, biochemical characteristics, and stress tolerance in crops grown in alkaline soils.