General characteristics of the study population, separately for girls and boys.

*The PDS ranges from 1 to 5 where a score of 1 indicates that puberty has not started yet and a score of 5 indicates that the puberty development seems complete. [19].**The International Diabetes Federation provides thresholds for defining children at risk of future cardiovascular disease for HDL cholesterol and blood pressure. [28].***Allergic mother: ≥1 time yes to ‘ever asthma’, ‘allergy to pets’, ‘allergy to house dust mite’, or ‘nose allergy like hay fever’.****Regions: North: provinces Groningen, Friesland, Drenthe; West: region of Rotterdam; Middle: provinces Utrecht and Gelderland.