Destabilizing effects of forest recovery rate μ and short-term memory α under governance as a yearly incentive g for conservation.

Time series representing the fraction of forested land (x(t)) under yearly incentive for conservation. (A) has a forgetting coeffiecient of α = 0.05 and recovery rate μ = 0.1; (B) α = 0.2 and μ = 0.1; (C) α = 0.9 and μ = 0.1; (D) α = 0.05 and μ = 0.5; (E) α = 0.2 and μ = 0.5; (F) α = 0.9 and μ = 0.5. Other parameters are b' = 5, c' = 20. α increases the amplitude of oscillations and μ increases the frequency; as g' increases so does the forest cover, but not necessarily stability.