TABLE 9 in Studies on western Pacific gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia, Chrysogorgiidae). Part 1: a review of the genus Chrysogorgia, with description of a new genus and three new species

TABLE 9. Morphological comparisons among the similar species with bottlebrush-shaped colony within the Versluys’ Group C
Characters/speciesC. flavescens Nutting, 1908C. axillaris (Wright & Studer, 1889)C. sibogae Versluys, 1902C. delicata Nutting, 1908C. tricaulis Pante & Watling, 2012C. tenuis sp. nov.C. fruticosa (Studer, 1894) *C. japonica (Wright & Studer, 1889)C. campanula Madsen, 1944C. artospira Pante & Watling, 2012C. acanthella (Wright & Studer, 1889)C. pendula Versluys, 1902C. cylindrata sp. nov.Branching sequence1/3L1/3L1/3L1/3L1/3L1/3L1/3, L or R unknownunknown, maybe fan-like2/5L2/5L1/3L, 2/5L, 3/7L, irregular2/5L2/5LInterbranch distance (mm)123up to 33–64–3012–145–7up to 451.8–4.52–101.5–19.01–151–5Orthostiche interval (mm)no data8–9no data10–1714–4236–40no dataunknownno data11–30–6–285–30Branch internode (mm)no data3.0–4.0, up to 6.0 in terminal2–275–9, up to 12 in terminal5–2114–22no data9–102.5–9.02–9up to 351–12, up to 16 in terminal3–14Branching order in maximum510841910no data66, pseudo–dichotomously subdivided810910Verrucaepresentabundantnumerousabsentabsentabsentpresentabundantabsentabsentabsentabsentpresent or absentPolyps on internodes11usually 2–3, up to 61, occasionally 2 in terminal2–31–4221 placed in the node0–21–40–41–2, occasionally 3 or 4Polyps on terminal branchletsno dataup to 2up to 61–21–4up to 4no data3–4no dataup to 5up to 5up to 4up to 4Polyp height (mm)2.51.0–1.5up to 42–40.5–2.31–2, up to 3 in terminal1up to 42.0–3.20.4–1.91.0–2.51.0–3.50.5–2.0, occasionally up to 3.5Sclerites in branch coenenchymescales large and lobulated, occasionally cruciformscales small, oval and biscuit-like; plates little and irregularscales smooth, rounded or oval, some of them with irregular lobed edgesscales slender and nearly smooth with lobed edges and often irregular shapescales elongated and smooth with a light medial constrictionscales slender and smooth, some of them with lobed edges and irregular shapeno dataspindles lancet-shaped and flatscales usually 8–shaped with a median contraction and numerous small spines and finely denticulate edges, some of them with irregular shapeabsentscales elongate and smooth with a slight medial contraction, occasionally lobed with irregular shapescales small and smooth, usually biscuit-like or elongate with a slight medial contraction, some of them crosswise and lobed with irregular shapescales smooth and slender, some of them with lobed and irregular edgesSclerites in polyp body wallscales with lobulated edgesscales large and unsymmetrical, with irregular and toothed edges, and fine wrinkles on surfacescales thin and broad with finely toothed edgesscales elongate and nearly smooth with an obvious medial contraction and more irregular edgesscales smooth with a strong medial constrictionscales elongate and smooth, usually irregular with lobed edgesscales flat, elongate, biscuit–like with a medial contractionscales broad and oval to lancet-shaped with finely toothed edges and wrinkles on the surfacescales 8–shaped and fairly broad with nearly circular ends with a median contraction, some of them with irregular edges and became very smallscales smooth with rounded distal ends and a slightly medial contraction, short rods occasionally presentscales elongate and smooth with a medial contraction, relatively regular, some of them with broad lobed edgesscales elongate and nearly smooth with an obvious medial contraction, some of them lobed or forked with irregular shapescales elongate and smooth with a medial contraction, some of them branched or lobed with irregular edges and shapeSclerites in tentaclesscales with lobulated edgesscales irregular with one or two large scales projecting above the base of tentaclescales thick, elongate with sparse fine warts, irregular shape and asymmetrical arrangementscales thick and nearly smooth, often curved, forked and branched with various shapescales smooth and flat with idiosyncratic shapesscales elongate and nearly smooth or with sparse fine warts, often one end forked and broad, and the other end narrow, some of them irregularscalesscales flat and rod-like with blunt ends, some of them forked at one sidescales usually x-shaped or forked with various shape, arranged in a single rowscales smooth, flat or with idiosyncratic shapes, such as branched or forked in one or two endsscales nearly smooth or with sparse fine warts, with one or two ends became broad and usually irregular shapescales elongate, usually thick and nearly smooth or with sparse fine warts, most branched with irregular shape and lobed edgesscales elongate to slender, usually thick and nearly smooth or with sparse fine warts, most branched with irregular shape and lobed edgesSclerites in pinnulesno datascales irregular with one end toothedscales slender and nearly smooth, some of them became broad at end and the other end narrowscales nearly smooth, usually a little curved with one end forked or branched and broad, and the other end narrow or sharpabsentscales slender and nearly smooth or with sparse fine warts, usually one end forked or broad and the other end narrow or sharpno datasclerites small and flat rod- or scale-like with double and quadruple formsScales long with one end forked and the other end gutter-formed, and with varying size, up to 0.45 mmabsentscales slender and a little curved, nearly smooth or with sparse fine warts, some of them with one end became broad or forked and the other end narrow or sharpscales slender and a little curved, nearly smooth or with sparse fine warts, some of them with one or two ends became broad or forked with irregular shape and the other end narrow or sharpscales slender, nearly smooth or with sparse inconspicuous fine warts, some of them forked in one or two ends with irregular shape and curved.DistributionHawaiiPhilippines and Kermadec IslandsIndonesiaHawaiiNorth AtlanticWestern PacificGulf of PanamaJapanNorth AtlanticNorth AtlanticWestern PacificWestern PacificWestern PacificReferencesNutting 1908, Kükenthal 1919Wright & Studer 1889, Versluys 1902, Kükenthal 1919Versluys 1902, Kükenthal 1919Versluys 1902, Nutting 1908, Kükenthal 1919, present studyPante & Watling 2012present studyStuder 1894, Versluys 1902, Kükenthal 1919Wright & Studer 1889, Versluys 1902, Kükentha 1919Madsen 1944Pante & Watling 2012Wright & Studer 1889, Versluys 1902, Kükenthal 1919, Pasternak 1981, present studyVersluys 1902, Kükenthal 1919, Pasternak 1981; present studypresent study
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*
, putative species or questionable regarded by Versluys, 1902.