Urban Employment Unemployment Survey 2006 (1998 E.C) - Ethiopia

Abstract
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Labour force surveys are one of the most important sources of data for assessing the role of the population of the country in the economic and social development process. These surveys provide data on the main characteristics of the work force engaged or available to be engaged in productive activities during a given period and its distribution in the various sectors of the economy. It is also useful to indicate the extent of available and unutilized human resources that must be absorbed by the national economy to ensure full employment and economic well being of the population. Moreover, it further provides an input for assessing the meeting of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the country's poverty reduction strategy framework (PASDEP-Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty). The other broad objective of statistics on the labour force is for the measurement of relationship between employment, income and other social and economic characteristics of the economically active population for the purpose of formulating, monitoring and evaluation of employment policy and programs. Seasonal and other variations and changes over time in the size and characteristics of the employment and unemployment can be monitored using up-to-date information from labour force surveys.

The Central Statistical Agency (CSA) has been providing labour force and related data at different levels and with varying content details. These include the 1976 Addis Ababa Manpower and Housing Sample Survey, the 1978 Survey on Population and Housing Characteristics of Seventeen Major Towns, the 1980/81 and 1987/88 Rural Labour Force Surveys, and the 1984 & 1994 Population and Housing Census. A comprehensive national labour force data representing both urban and rural areas was also provided based on the 1999 and 2005 Labour Force Surveys. The 1996 and 2002 Surveys of Informal Sector and most of the household surveys also provide limited data on the area. Moreover, some information can be derived from small, large and medium scale establishment surveys.

Considering the dynamic and sensitive nature of the sector and also in response to the demands of different data users, the CSA had launched a Bi-annual Employment Unemployment Survey program starting from October 2003 GC. In this way, the Agency had conducted two rounds in October 2003 and April 2004 and the results were published in Statistical Bulletin 301 and 319. The 2005 Labour Force Survey (LFS) had been conducted to update the 1999 National Labour force survey. Here after, based on data need assessment it was decided to undertake the continuous survey annually instead of bi-annually.

Objectives of the survey
The Employment and Unemployment Survey program was designed to provide statistical data on the size and characteristics of the economically active and the non-active population of the country on continuous basis. The data will be useful for policy makers, planners, researchers, and other institutions and individuals engaged in the design, implementation and monitoring of human resource development projects and the performance of the economy.

The specific objectives of this survey were to:
- Up date data on the size of work force that is available to participate in production process;
- Determine the status and rate of economic participation of different sub-groups of the population;
- Identify those who are actually contributing to the economic development (employed) and those out of the sphere;
- Determine the size and rate of unemployed population;
- Provide data on the structure of the working population;
- Obtain information about earnings from paid employment;
- Identify the distribution of employed population in the formal/informal sector of the economy; and
- Generate time series data to trace changes over time.

Geographic coverage
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The 2006 Urban Annual Employment and Unemployment Survey covered only urban parts of the country. Except three zones of Afar and six zones of Somali regions, where the residents are pastoralists, all urban centers of the country were considered in this survey.

Analysis unit
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- Household
- Individual aged 10 years and above

Universe
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All households in the selected samples, except residents of collective quarters, homeless persons and foreigners.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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Sample Design and Sample Size:
Information from the listing of the 2004 Urban Economic Establishment Census was utilized to develop the sampling frame for the 2006 Urban Annual Employment and Unemployment Survey. It was by taking into account of cost and precision of major variables that determination of sample size was achieved. Moreover, in order to judge precisions of major variables, the 1999 Labor Force Survey result was the main source of information that was taken into consideration.

Except Harari, Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa, where all urban centers of the domain were incorporated in the survey, in other domains a three stage stratified cluster sample design was adopted to select the samples from each domain. The primary sampling units (PSU's) were urban centers selected systematically using probability proportional to size; size being number of households obtained from the 2004 Urban Economic Establishment Census. From each selected urban centers enumeration areas (EA's) were selected as a second-stage sampling unit (SSU). The selection of the SSU's was also done using probability proportional to size; size being number of households obtained from the 2004 Urban Economic Establishment Census. For each sampled EA a fresh list of households was prepared at the beginning of the survey. Thirty households from each sample EA were selected at the third stage. The survey questionnaire was finally administered to those thirty households selected at the last stage.

The selection scheme for Harari, Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa was similar to the case explained above. However, in these three domains instead of a three-stage design a two-stage stratified cluster sample design with enumeration areas as PSU and households (from the fresh list) as secondary sampling unit was used.

Note: Distribution of sampling units (planned and covered) by domain (reporting level) is given in Summary Table 2.1 of the 2006 Urban Employment Unemployment Survey report.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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Almost similar questionnaire that were used for the first and second rounds is administered in this survey.

The questionnaire was organized into five sections:
Section - 1: Area identification of the selected household: this section dealt with area identification of respondents such as region, zone, wereda, etc.,

Section - 2: Demographic characteristics of household: it consisted of the general socio-demographic characteristics of the population such as age, sex, education, status & types of training and marital status.

Section - 3: Productive activities during the last seven days: this section dealt with the status and characteristics of employed persons such as hours of work, occupation, industry, employment status, and earnings from paid employment.

Section - 4: Unemployment and characteristics of unemployed persons: the section focused on the size and characteristics of the unemployed population.

Section - 5: Economic activity during the last six months: this section covered the usual economic activity status, number of weeks of employment /unemployment and reasons for not usually working.

The questionnaire used in the field for data collection purpose was prepared in Amharic language. Both Amharic and English versions of the questionnaires are provided as external resource.

Cleaning operations
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Data Editing, Coding and Verification:
The filled-in questionnaires that were retrieved from the field were first subjected to manual editing and coding. During the fieldwork the field supervisors, Statisticians and the heads of branch statistical offices have checked the filled-in questionnaires and carried out some editing. However, the major editing and coding operation was carried out at the head office. All the edited questionnaires were again fully verified and checked for consistency before they were submitted to the data entry. After the data was entered, it was again verified using the computer.

Data Entry, Cleaning and Tabulation:
Using the computer edit specification prepared earlier for this purpose, the entered data were checked for consistencies and then computer editing or data cleaning was made by referring back to the filled-in questionnaire. This is an important part of data processing operation in attaining the required level of data quality. Consistency checks and re-checks were also made based on tabulation results. Computer programs used in data entry, machine editing and tabulation were prepared using the Integrated Microcomputer Processing System (IMPS).

Response rate
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As regards the response rate of the survey, a total of 99 urban centers were selected and incorporated into the survey. To be covered by the survey, 527 enumeration areas was initially selected, and the survey could successfully be carried out in 525 (99.62%) out of all the 527 of the EA’s. The total number of expected households that were to be interviewed was 15,810; however, due to different reasons 235 sample households were not interviewed. As a result only 15,575 households were actually covered by the survey, which made the ultimate response rate of the survey 98.51 %.

Sampling error estimates
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Estimation procedures of total, ratio and sampling errors are given in Appendix III of the 2006 Urban Employment Unemployment Survey report.

摘要
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劳动力调查是评估一国人口在经济社会发展过程中的作用的重要数据来源之一。此类调查提供了在特定时期内参与或可供参与生产活动的劳动力的主要特征及其在经济各领域的分布情况。此外，还有助于表明可供利用和未充分利用的人力资源范围，这些资源必须被国民经济吸收，以确保充分就业和人民的经济福祉。此外，它还为评估实现千年发展目标（MDGs）和国家的减贫战略框架（PASDEP-加速和持续发展以终结贫困计划）提供输入。劳动力统计数据的另一个广泛目标是衡量就业、收入以及经济活跃人口的其他社会和经济特征之间的关系，以便制定、监控和评估就业政策和项目。
季节性和其他变化以及就业和失业规模及其特征随时间的变化可以通过劳动力调查的最新信息进行监控。

中央统计局（CSA）一直在不同层面和不同内容细节上提供劳动力及相关数据。这些包括1976年的亚的斯亚贝巴人力和住房抽样调查、1978年的十七个大城镇人口和住房特征调查、1980/81年和1987/88年的农村劳动力调查，以及1984年和1994年的人口和住房普查。基于1999年和2005年的劳动力调查，还提供了代表城市和农村地区的综合全国劳动力数据。1996年和2002年的非正式部门调查以及大多数家庭调查也提供了该领域的有限数据。此外，还可以从小型、大型和中型规模的企业调查中获得一些信息。
考虑到该领域的动态性和敏感性，以及响应不同数据用户的需求，CSA从2003年10月起启动了每半年一次的就业失业调查计划。这样，该机构在2003年10月和2004年4月进行了两轮调查，结果分别发布在统计公报301号和319号。2005年的劳动力调查（LFS）是为了更新1999年的国家劳动力调查。此后，根据数据需求评估，决定每年进行持续调查，而不是每半年一次。
调查目标
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就业失业调查计划旨在持续提供有关该国经济活跃和非活跃人口规模和特征的数据。这些数据将有助于政策制定者、规划者、研究人员以及其他从事人力资源开发项目设计和实施以及经济绩效监控的机构和个人。
本调查的具体目标包括：
- 更新可供参与生产过程的劳动力规模数据；
- 确定不同人口子群体的经济参与状况和比率；
- 确定实际为经济发展做出贡献（就业）的人以及那些未参与其中的人；
- 确定失业人口规模和比率；
- 提供关于劳动人口结构的数据；
- 获取关于有偿就业收入的详细信息；
- 识别就业人口在正式/非正式经济部门的分布；
- 生成时间序列数据，以追踪随时间的变化。
地理覆盖范围
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2006年城市年度就业失业调查仅覆盖了该国的城市部分。除了阿法尔和索马里地区的三个区和六个区，那里的居民是游牧民，该调查考虑了该国的所有城市中心。
分析单元
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- 家庭
- 10岁及以上的个人
总体
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所选样本中的所有家庭，但集体宿舍居民、无家可归者和外国人除外。
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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样本设计和样本量：
利用2004年城市经济单位普查的列表信息来开发2006年城市年度就业失业调查的抽样框架。通过考虑主要变量的成本和精度，实现了样本量的确定。此外，为了判断主要变量的精度，1999年劳动力调查结果是主要信息来源。
除了哈拉里、亚的斯亚贝巴和迪雷德瓦，该调查包含了该领域所有城市中心，在其他领域采用三阶段分层聚类抽样设计来选择每个领域的样本。一级抽样单位（PSU）是使用按规模成比例的概率系统地选择的城镇中心；规模是从2004年城市经济单位普查中获得的家庭数量。从每个选定的城镇中心中选择了作为第二阶段抽样单位（SSU）的普查区。SSU的选择也是使用按规模成比例的概率进行的；规模是从2004年城市经济单位普查中获得的家庭数量。为每个样本普查区，在调查开始时准备了一份新的家庭清单。在第三阶段，从每个样本普查区中选择了三十个家庭。调查问卷最终被发放给最后阶段选出的三十个家庭。
哈拉里、亚的斯亚贝巴和迪雷德瓦的选择方案与上述情况类似。然而，在这三个领域，由于采用三阶段设计，而不是两阶段分层聚类抽样设计，以普查区作为PSU，家庭（来自新清单）作为次级抽样单位。
注：第2.1节摘要表中给出了按领域（报告层级）分组的抽样单位（计划内和覆盖内）的分布。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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本调查中使用了与第一轮和第二轮相似的问卷。
问卷分为五个部分：
部分 - 1：所选家庭的区域识别：本部分涉及受访者的区域识别，如地区、区、行政区等。
部分 - 2：家庭的人口统计学特征：它包括人口的一般社会人口统计学特征，如年龄、性别、教育、状态和培训类型以及婚姻状况。
部分 - 3：过去七天的生产活动：本部分涉及雇员的状况和特征，如工作时间、职业、行业、就业状况和有偿就业收入。
部分 - 4：失业和失业人员的特征：本部分重点关注失业人口的规模和特征。
部分 - 5：过去六个月的经济活动：本部分涵盖了通常的经济活动状况、就业/失业周数以及不通常工作的原因。
用于数据收集的现场问卷是用阿姆哈拉语准备的。问卷的阿姆哈拉语和英语版本作为外部资源提供。
数据清理操作
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数据编辑、编码和验证：从现场收回的填写好的问卷首先进行了人工编辑和编码。在实地工作中，现场主管、统计学家和分支统计办公室的负责人检查了填写好的问卷并进行了某些编辑。然而，主要的编辑和编码操作是在总部进行的。所有编辑后的问卷在提交数据录入之前再次进行了全面验证和一致性检查。数据录入后，再次使用计算机进行验证。
数据录入、清理和制表：使用之前为此目的准备的计算机编辑规范，检查了录入的数据的一致性，然后通过参考填写好的问卷进行了计算机编辑或数据清理。这是数据处理操作中的重要部分，旨在达到所需的数据质量水平。还根据制表结果进行了一致性检查和复查。用于数据录入、机器编辑和制表的计算机程序是使用综合微型计算机处理系统（IMPS）准备的。
响应率
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关于调查的响应率，共选择了99个城镇中心并纳入了调查。最初选择527个普查区以供调查，在所有527个普查区中，有525个（99.62%）成功进行了调查。预期要访谈的家庭总数为15,810户；然而，由于不同原因，有235户样本家庭未接受访谈。因此，实际上只有15,575户家庭接受了调查，使调查的最终响应率为98.51%。
抽样误差估计
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附录III中给出了总误差、比率误差和抽样误差的估计程序。