Grambach coefficients for the scales

The depression scale studied by Radloff et al. was chosen to focus on depressive affect or state of mind, representing the main aspects of depressive symptoms, which consists of 20 questions with a total score of 0-60, with higher scores representing higher levels of depression. A score of >15 on the scale indicates depressive symptoms. The subscale measuring anxiety symptoms in the Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale (21-item version) was chosen, which consists of 7 items. A score of >4 on the scale indicates anxiety symptoms. The subscale measuring stress on the Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale (21-item version) was selected, and a score of >14 on the 7-item scale was used to indicate a tendency to stress.