Multidimensional Investigation of Thyroid Hormones and Prostate Cancer: Insights from NHANES, Mendelian Randomization, Genetic Markers, and Bioinformatics Analyses

A three-phase study design was employed: (1) A cross-sectional analysis of NHANES data to examine thyroid hormone levels (FT3 and T3) and prostate cancer risk; (2) Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using GWAS data to explore causal relationships; (3) Bioinformatics analyses to annotate key SNPs, identify related genes, and assess their biological roles in prostate cancer.