Global Bee Interaction Data

Last modified: January 09, 2025 IntroductionThis dataset comprises all bee interactions indexed by Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI; Poelen et al. 2014). It is published quarterly by the Big Bee Project (Seltmann et al. 2021) to summarize all available knowledge about bee interactions from natural history collections, community science observations (i.e., iNaturalist), and the literature. Interactions include flower visitation, parasitic interactions (mite, viral), lecty, and many others. Data DescriptionPlease see the integration process page to better understand how Global Biotic Interactions combines datasets from various sources. The complete interaction dataset for all species can be accessed via https://www.globalbioticinteractions.org/data. Data is filtered for unique records based on the interaction description and source citation. Archives contain full data records and unique filtered records in tab-delimited format. Dataset column name definitions https://api.globalbioticinteractions.org/interactionFields or https://api.globalbioticinteractions.org/interactionFields Duplicate records occur in the database because more than one provider shares information. This is most frequently occuring in museum specimen data and duplicates can be identified evaluating the institutionCode, collectionCode and catalogNumber fields. The file catalogNumber_counts.tsv groups records by these three fields for this dataset, but does not filter out duplicate records. Additionally, this dataset includes the citation information provided by the data publisher. The provided sourceCitation may not include information about the primary provider (often the natural history collection) the specimen data originates and the catalogNumber should be referenced to understand the original source of the data. If you know of a missing dataset, or wish to share your dataset, please contact us! Metrics Date Total bee records 07-17-2020 232,906 01-24-2021 257,738 11-17-2021 226,160 06-01-2022 286,818 11-07-2022 429,308 01-18-2024 842,819 07-03-2024 1,109,057 01-09-2025 1,223,768 Date Andrenidae Apidae Colletidae Halictidae 07-17-2020 73,463 106,222 20,821 58,880 01-24-2021 77,824 120,919 21,376 63,945 11-17-2021 25,535 134,517 10,568 43,070 06-01-2022 78,016 144,827 20,409 64,054 11-07-2022 84,172 171,378 30,792 79,155 01-18-2024 166,473 334,224 63,847 171,931 07-03-2024 289,400 371,953 83,337 190,562 01-09-2025 204,565 686,195 70,724 241,856 Date Megachilidae Melittidae Stenotritidae 07-17-2020 44,449 2,511 23 01-24-2021 48,856 2,624 18 11-17-2021 37,001 995 9 06-01-2022 54,516 2,994 18 11-07-2022 61,391 2,396 24 01-18-2024 100,814 5,088 442 07-03-2024 162,587 4,964 438 01-09-2025 126,113 5,928 441 Included files filter_and_count_bee_families.sh - script for separating bee records into family and counting number of records for each family citation-count.sh - script for counting citations counts.sh - script for counting number of records per family family_counts.tsv - counts by family unique_citations.tsv - list of references/sources providing bee interaction data and the number of interactions provided by each reference globi-bees-filtered_file.tsv.gz - list of all bee interaction data indexed on Global Biotic Interactions from GloBI version 2025-Jan-09 produced by [filter_and_count_bee_families.sh]. interactions.tsv.gz - archive of the full Global Biotic Interaction dataset on January 9, 2025. Downloaded from https://www.globalbioticinteractions.org Interaction Sources Below is a list of sources that contributed to this dataset, along with raw counts of unique interactions and links to the corresponding digital archives and reviews. These datasets are indexed and reviewed by Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI) using automated, reproducible workflows that extract species-interaction records, reconcile taxonomic names against authoritative catalogs, and summarize the findings. Each review produces a versioned digital archive to ensure long-term preservation and to document data provenance. For details, see the Methods section within each linked archive. count source archive 255946 USGS Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation (BISON) IPT Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/usgs-bison hash://md5/261382102932dd4b0f8a115e513381e1. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16894852 203993 http://iNaturalist.org is a place where you can record what you see in nature, meet other nature lovers, and learn about the natural world. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/inaturalist hash://md5/2865258bf6e685b25a42f471a2a45475. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416416 113413 Digital Bee Collections Network, 2014 (and updates). Version: 2015-03-18. National Science Foundation grant DBI 0956388; PBI: Phytophagous Insects as a Model Group for Documenting Planetary Biodiversity (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Orthotylinae, Phylinae). Version: 08 Mar 2016. National Science Foundation grant DBI#0316495; Tri-Trophic Thematic Collection Network, 2014 (and updates). Version: 08 Mar 2016. http://tcn.amnh.org/. National Science Foundation grant(s) EF#1115081, EF#1115103, EF#1115080, EF#1115144, EF#1115191, EF#1115104, EF#1115115 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/arthropodEasyCaptureAMNH hash://md5/f68f2151504fc3f5b3728340ac71b01f. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16894941 111712 University of Kansas Natural History Museum Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/ku-semc hash://md5/111a65e9944a2a5c29b544fb8d69f7f0. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416759 95131 ecdysis - a portal for live-managing arthropod occurrence data Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/ecdysis hash://md5/342d37a8b382bb712c607b7e00147c71. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17109206 74835 Symbiota Collections of Arthropods Network (SCAN) Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/scan hash://md5/58de50154e330c331993fe5d0852ad84. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16894884 62736 Frost Entomological Museum, Pennsylvania State University Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/psuc-ento hash://md5/b03fb3303a4a123eb50a194a58480b2e. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16894957 28517 PaDIL Bee records from the Pests and Diseases Image Library, http://www.padil.gov.au. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/padil-bee hash://md5/97be2459c1ab8ea87e30e238a218cd11. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416640 27114 Guzman, Laura Melissa; Kelly, Tyler; Elle, Elizabeth, 2022, "A dataset for pollinator diversity and their interactions with plants in the Pacific NorthWest", https://doi.org/10.5683/SP3/WTEZNH, Borealis, V1 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). A Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found in globalbioticinteractions/guzman2022 hash://md5/006bf04d154613cbd4f9a3710543097c. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15197503 24564 University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Insect Division. Full Database Export 2020-11-20 provided by Erika Tucker and Barry Oconner. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/ummzi hash://md5/512dd6e721ca91c2ed23958ac3571a8e. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416835 23731 Carril OM, Griswold T, Haefner J, Wilson JS. (2018) Wild bees of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument: richness, abundance, and spatio-temporal beta-diversity. PeerJ 6:e5867 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5867 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/carril2018 hash://md5/85f3809e21549b55fe0eea6b6ee39acd. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416527 18739 A. Thessen. 2014. Species associations extracted from EOL text data objects via text mining. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within EOL/pseudonitzchia hash://md5/472d0dff867eb9f2997803a98d3da836. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416064 18003 Pensoft Darwin Core Archives available via Integrated Publication Toolkit Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/pensoft-ipt hash://md5/feafab67da3ccc20728e08b23d538d32. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17113233 15754 Schwarz, Benjamin et al. (2021). Data from: Temporal scale-dependence of plant-pollinator networks [Dataset]. Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.qz612jmbp Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/schwarz2021 hash://md5/dd114cefc42693a0902284e3538e05ea. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416386 10211 Pensoft Darwin Core Archives with associateTaxa columns Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/pensoft-dwca hash://md5/d753da7abc878f1800a36604f0b22893. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416954 8752 Web of Life. http://www.web-of-life.es . Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/web-of-life hash://md5/df58ae253b9a759e387c7f78d05de592. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416701 7590 Nick Balfour, Maria Clara Castellanos, Chris Johnson, Dave Goulson, Andrew Philippides. 2023. The Database of Pollinator Interactions (DoPI). Accessed at https://www.sussex.ac.uk/lifesci/ebe/dopi/ on 2023-12-01. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/dopi hash://md5/5092adc224b66f397c752f6f2071ed53. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416445 6367 Purdue Entomological Research Collection Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/pu-perc hash://md5/b6dda8832cf7b8098f37414e09cb9ab9. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416943 6190 Redhead, J.W.; Coombes, C.F.; Dean, H.J.; Dyer, R.; Oliver, T.H.; Pocock, M.J.O.; Rorke, S.L.; Vanbergen, A.J.; Woodcock, B.A.; Pywell, R.F. (2018). Plant-pollinator interactions database for construction of potential networks. NERC Environmental Information Data Centre. https://doi.org/10.5285/6d8d5cb5-bd54-4da7-903a-15bd4bbd531b Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within zedomel/redhead2018 hash://md5/5587b71d93755ec1085f9f425823971a. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16415991 5629 https://mangal.io - the ecological interaction database. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/mangal hash://md5/15338eed17056cee0e7b42b585b664c4. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416563 5451 University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Division of Insects Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/ummz-ummzi hash://md5/9bc2ea57750528c477fe2f1e8ba6a08e. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416721 5316 Clint Otto, Russ Bryant, and Ned H. Euliss Jr., 2020, The U.S. Geological Survey Pollinator Library Dataset: U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.5066/P9DSS3VL Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/usgs-pollinator-library hash://md5/84bbbe92d69937112435fb3cd146493a. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416566 5297 Eardley C, Coetzer W. 2016. Catalogue of Afrotropical Bees. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/Catalogue-of-Afrotropical-Bees hash://md5/2fc2dfe7833b9cc644e4d6419ed5aed7. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416738 4700 University of Colorado Museum of Natural History Entomology Collection Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/ucm-ucmc hash://md5/c2694b8513a6b38b809ebad4a4476938. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416777 4684 National Database Plant Pollinators. Center for Plant Conservation at San Diego Zoo Global. Accessed via https://saveplants.org/national-collection/pollinator-search/ on 2020-06-05. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/cpc-pollinators hash://md5/5171d92e794fa5924956e6ad76a8a28d. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416625 4557 Allen-Perkins, Alfonso, Magrach, Ainhoa, Dainese, Matteo, Garibaldi, Lucas A., Kleijn, David, Rader, Romina, Reilly, James R., et al. 2022. "CropPol: A Dynamic, Open and Global Database on Crop Pollination." Ecology 103(3): e3614. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3614 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). A Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found in ibartomeus/OBservData hash://md5/35b1210f8b22088babe73b2b9012c15e. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15256406 4502 Natural History Collections managed by Arctos (https://arctosdb.org) accessed via https://vertnet.org . Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/vertnet hash://md5/6c194df8ddb37844f7b4f1258c81d93d. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16915755 4243 Seltmann, K., Van Wagner, J., Behm, R., Brown, Z., Tan, E., & Liu, K. (2020). BID: A project to share biotic interaction and ecological trait data about bees (Hymenoptera: Anthophila). UC Santa Barbara: Cheadle Center for Biodiversity and Ecological Restoration. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1g21k7bf Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within Big-Bee-Network/bee-interaction-database hash://md5/194b69eabd5b183f1f40a6437caf14f6. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416048 3709 Arizona State University Hasbrouck Insect Collection Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/asu-asuhic hash://md5/285ffd1b5d4b0c5777d3bfe92dbcd186. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416540 3630 Mycology Collections Data Portal (MyCoPortal). https://mycoportal.org Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). A Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found in globalbioticinteractions/mycoportal hash://md5/23d7d00bc7f8662173d1efc3f4fb8352. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15211553 3590 Maiorano, L., Montemaggiori, A., Ficetola, G.F., O’Connor, L. & Thuiller, W. (2020), Data from: Tetra-EU 1.0: a species-level trophic meta-web of European tetrapods, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.jm63xsj7b Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/tetra-eu hash://md5/913860140ed57f55934f87ed76279890. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416379 3552 Fricke, E.C., Svenning, J. Accelerating homogenization of the global plant–frugivore meta-network. Nature 585, 74–78 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2640-y Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/fricke2020 hash://md5/2c3f7c3031300319d7f1d18caf24f7d7. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416935 3140 University of New Hampshire Collection of Insects and other Arthropods UNHC-UNHC Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Darwin Core Archive Shared by <collectionName>University of New Hampshire Collection of Insects and Arthropods (UNHC-UNHC)</collectionName>, Including a Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names hash://md5/33e1785c82495a491b2d79824d87801f. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416377 3124 CaraDonna, P.J. 2020. Temporal variation in plant-pollinator interactions, Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, CO, USA, 2013 - 2015 ver 1. Environmental Data Initiative. https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/27dc02fe1655e3896f20326fed5cb95f (Accessed 2021-04-16). Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within jhpoelen/caradonna2020 hash://md5/b2321062bf4720e04b0e3ca93b2d92d7. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416188 3121 LaManna, JA, Burkle, LA, Belote, RT, Myers, JA. Biotic and abiotic drivers of plant–pollinator community assembly across wildfire gradients. J Ecol. 2020; 00: 1– 14. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13530 . Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/lamanna2020 hash://md5/349efab69af145d4e9c351c6944c730c. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416526 3041 Ollerton, J., Trunschke, J. ., Havens, K. ., Landaverde-González, P. ., Keller, A. ., Gilpin, A.-M. ., Rodrigo Rech, A. ., Baronio, G. J. ., Phillips, B. J., Mackin, C. ., Stanley, D. A., Treanore, E. ., Baker, E. ., Rotheray, E. L., Erickson, E. ., Fornoff, F. ., Brearley, F. Q. ., Ballantyne, G. ., Iossa, G. ., Stone, G. N., Bartomeus, I. ., Stockan, J. A., Leguizamón, J., Prendergast, K. ., Rowley, L., Giovanetti, M., de Oliveira Bueno, R., Wesselingh, R. A., Mallinger, R., Edmondson, S., Howard, S. R., Leonhardt, S. D., Rojas-Nossa, S. V., Brett, M., Joaqui, T., Antoniazzi, R., Burton, V. J., Feng, H.-H., Tian, Z.-X., Xu, Q., Zhang, C., Shi, C.-L., Huang, S.-Q., Cole, L. J., Bendifallah, L., Ellis, E. E., Hegland, S. J., Straffon Díaz, S., Lander, T. A. ., Mayr, A. V., Dawson, R. ., Eeraerts, M. ., Armbruster, W. S. ., Walton, B. ., Adjlane, N. ., Falk, S. ., Mata, L. ., Goncalves Geiger, A. ., Carvell, C. ., Wallace, C. ., Ratto, F. ., Barberis, M. ., Kahane, F. ., Connop, S. ., Stip, A. ., Sigrist, M. R. ., Vereecken, N. J. ., Klein, A.-M., Baldock, K. ., & Arnold, S. E. J. . (2022). Pollinator-flower interactions in gardens during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown of 2020. Journal of Pollination Ecology, 31, 87–96. https://doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2022)695 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/ollerton2022 hash://md5/32fc07a134e3a9e74ad186a8fbba26e9. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16879076 2823 Robert L. Minckley San Bernardino Valley from the year 2000 to 2011. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/minckly-san-bernardino-valley-2000-2011 hash://md5/7f1f5b080dd69278ff4b9a3f357dc233. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416987 2757 Harvard University M, Morris P J (2021). Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/mcz hash://md5/2989c728e523da25788c7403881ba110. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416879 2038 Sarah E. Miller. 07/06/2017. Information extracted from dataset https://www.idigbio.org/portal/recordsets/db4bb0df-8539-4617-ab5f-eb118aa3126b. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within millerse/Aluja-et-al-New-Host-Plant-and-Distribution-Records-in-Mexico hash://md5/794d41d6f96996cc7b838d4955d66267. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16415645 1681 Klompen H, Johnson N (2018). Ohio State Acarology Laboratory (OSAL), Ohio State University. Museum of Biological Diversity, The Ohio State University. Accessed via https://mbd-db.osu.edu/hol/taxon_name/05fbf4bb-f8e1-404e-a27c-759d345aa4d0 on 2023-11-06 hash://sha256/fb23140e60f4889de35ae174b2570cf294012bff4f2c8c419c292af51c98c25f Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/osal-ar hash://md5/da80906057aa9899746b805b3457196c. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416696 1619 Grundler MC (2020) SquamataBase: a natural history database and R package for comparative biology of snake feeding habits. Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e49943. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e49943 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/squamatabase hash://md5/28ae0aec671c8289c4ff064c824a006a. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416895 1522 Brose, U. (2018). GlobAL daTabasE of traits and food Web Architecture (GATEWAy) version 1.0 [Data set]. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig. https://doi.org/10.25829/IDIV.283-3-756 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/brose-gateway hash://md5/ce079a4d51ef14f2e213c9627535340d. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416427 1430 Sarah E Miller. 6/19/2015. Species associations manually extracted from datasets https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/interactionweb/resources.html. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within millerse/Plant-Pollinator-Web hash://md5/6d203140d0d7041ddb68493aa1afdd3c. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16415795 1126 Giselle Muschett & Francisco E. Fontúrbel. 2021. A comprehensive catalogue of plant – pollinator interactions for Chile Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within fonturbel-lab/pollination_catalogue hash://md5/6f9ac7dbe67db53ae04d88355ecf2299. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416139 1091 Magrach, Ainhoa et al. (2017), Data from: Plant-pollinator networks in semi-natural grasslands are resistant to the loss of pollinators during blooming of mass-flowering crops, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.k0q1n Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within zedomel/magrach2017 hash://md5/4cb0ccfe94fc2dcb25db2b160f6b87fe. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16415990 1057 Sarah E Miller. 4/18/2016. Species associations from Wardeh, M. et al. Database of host-pathogen and related species interactions, and their global distribution. Sci. Data 2:150049 doi: 10.1038/sdata.2015.49 (2015) Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/wardeh2015 hash://md5/ed5ec44c768ad91a517981298b57a476. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416593 1057 Wardeh, M., Risley, C., McIntyre, M. et al. Database of host-pathogen and related species interactions, and their global distribution. Sci Data 2, 150049 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2015.49 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/wardeh2021 hash://md5/54c82e24b92e31b3dbdf05077fa59631. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16417082 1034 Cohen JM, Sauer EL, Santiago O, Spencer S, Rohr JR. 2020. Divergent impacts of warming weather on wildlife disease risk across climates. Science. doi:10.1126/science.abb1702 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within jeremy-cohen/tmh-across-systems hash://md5/acdc297bf51bf19135d955dfa2964aca. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416045 953 Sarah E Miller. 5/30/2016. Interations from various papers. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within millerse/Pollination-Collection hash://md5/45e01a3d185bebefe0c817999626e52e. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16415773 929 University of California Santa Barbara Invertebrate Zoology Collection Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within seltmann/taxonomy-darwin-core hash://md5/43a0585878b794efcbc1a339af29a121. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416173 870 Del Risco, A.A., Montoya, Á.M., García, V. et al. Data synthesis and dynamic visualization converge into a comprehensive biotic interaction network: a case study of the urban and rural areas of Bogotá D.C.. Urban Ecosyst (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-021-01133-3 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/delrisco2021 hash://md5/cb1433264b41fc25533c2b7d16b960f5. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16417023 855 The International Barcode of Life Consortium (2016). International Barcode of Life project (iBOL). Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/inygc6 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/bold hash://md5/969227ee2bf361797a9508ba886bad24. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416838 847 Ed Baker; Ian J. Kitching; George W. Beccaloni; Amoret Whitaker et al. (2016). Dataset: NHM Interactions Bank. Natural History Museum Data Portal (data.nhm.ac.uk). https://doi.org/10.5519/0060767 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/natural-history-museum-london-interactions-bank hash://md5/e8e989e8f12e15ccf50455152d68d2ee. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416999 794 Poelen, J. H. (2024). A biodiversity dataset graph: Biological Associations in TaxonWorks hash://sha256/e4a47c067d6c125da60c9a1b92b5eecdea539cb8666cd3aed99db347ae5b8ed0 hash://md5/686007de79cc2a49ab23fd3debe56e3f [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11151783 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/taxonworks hash://md5/db4ed1a90a189371db18e5ae6cb275e6. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15546886 770 Florida State Collection of Arthropods Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/fsca hash://md5/4671936853875e440c5e56433ecf9ff9. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416554 759 Illinois Natural History Survey Insect Collection Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/inhs-insects hash://md5/8c789f5de640e9c7af86085640ace2d3. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416858 711 Texas A&M University Insect Collection Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/tamuic-ent hash://md5/4bd7ed560f9d627f59cd385fbec5a61e. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16417010 638 Scott L. Gardner and Gabor R. Racz (2021). University of Nebraska State Museum - Parasitology. Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. University of Nebraska State Museum. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/unl-nsm hash://md5/858b6c2db7dbec236b7cde256095f250. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416724 634 Classen, Alice; Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf (2020): Plant-pollinator interactions along an elevational gradient on Mt. Kilimanjaro. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.911390 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/classen2020 hash://md5/c11fd0817b796bb3cbc39593af34c1ef. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416584 616 A review of the status of web-based African Plant-Pollinator Interaction data. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/kalro2023 hash://md5/a254ecfeaa1719995db9251d928573dd. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416504 609 Ollerton J, Liede-Schumann S, Endress ME, Meve U, Rech AR, Shuttleworth A, Keller HA, Fishbein M, Alvarado-Cárdenas LO, Amorim FW, Bernhardt P, Celep F, Chirango Y, Chiriboga-Arroyo F, Civeyrel L, Cocucci A, Cranmer L, da Silva-Batista IC, de Jager L, Deprá MS, Domingos-Melo A, Dvorsky C, Agostini K, Freitas L, Gaglianone MC, Galetto L, Gilbert M, González-Ramírez I, Gorostiague P, Goyder D, Hachuy-Filho L, Heiduk A, Howard A, Ionta G, Islas-Hernández SC, Johnson SD, Joubert L, Kaiser-Bunbury CN, Kephart S, Kidyoo A, Koptur S, Koschnitzke C, Lamborn E, Livshultz T, Machado IC, Marino S, Mema L, Mochizuki K, Morellato LPC, Mrisha CK, Muiruri EW, Nakahama N, Nascimento VT, Nuttman C, Oliveira PE, Peter CI, Punekar S, Rafferty N, Rapini A, Ren ZX, Rodríguez-Flores CI, Rosero L, Sakai S, Sazima M, Steenhuisen SL, Tan CW, Torres C, Trøjelsgaard K, Ushimaru A, Vieira MF, Wiemer AP, Yamashiro T, Nadia T, Queiroz J, Quirino Z. The diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large plant clades: Apocynaceae as a case study. Ann Bot. 2019 Jan 23;123(2):311-325. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcy127. PMID: 30099492; PMCID: PMC6344220. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/pollinators-of-apocynaceae-database hash://md5/1487fb80afdc7e8bbfb5856c9c89df55. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416807 590 National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution IPT RSS Feed Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). A Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found in globalbioticinteractions/usnm hash://md5/4281af68992fb5c77b285d367f363d17. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15540430 558 Sarah E Miller. 6/22/2015. Species associations manually extracted from datasets https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/interactionweb/resources.html. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within millerse/Clements-R.-E.-and-F.-L.-Long hash://md5/83b754c2b2a8e4fec9aa299c0536248c. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16415690 544 Pardee, G.L., Ballare, K.M., Neff, J.L., Do, L.Q., Ojeda, D., Bienenstock, E.J., Brosi, B.J., Grubesic, T.H., Miller, J.A., Tong, D. and Jha, S., 2023. Local and Landscape Factors Influence Plant-Pollinator Networks and Bee Foraging Behavior across an Urban Corridor. Land, 12(2), p.362. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/2/362 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). A Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found in globalbioticinteractions/ut-utbfl hash://md5/ce7c1cafe20efa21735387b302a05912. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15213247 493 RCPol: Online Pollen Catalogs Network. 2016. https://rcpol.org.br/ Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/rcpol hash://md5/5fba6762aa138643de0c7555a2f3a6d3. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416345 484 Hurlbert, A. H., Olsen, A. M., Sawyer, M. M., and Winner, P. M. 2021. Avian Diet Database. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5151056 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within hurlbertlab/dietdatabase hash://md5/266b055b7c49cb388d5201dcae2c9f7e. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416150 450 Sarah E Miller. 6/25/2015. Species associations manually extracted from Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within millerse/Flowers-and-insects-lists-of-visitors-to-four-hundred-and-fifty-three-flowers hash://md5/257a1ada5e4f0754f344eceb818cae34. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16415596 437 The Albert J. Cook Arthropod Research Collection Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/msu-msuc hash://md5/8060fd18ed759fb56e317b44a20e21fb. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416453 293 Global Web Database (http://globalwebdb.com): an online collection of food webs. Accessed via https://www.globalwebdb.com/Service/DownloadArchive on 2017-10-12. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/globalwebdb hash://md5/772ac7adfcee6180c36f81c8d1118a17. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416707 290 Sarah E Miller. 06/10/2015. Species associations manually extracted from Chamberlin, W. J. The Buprestidae of North America, Exclusive of Mexico, a Catalogue including Synonomy, Bibliography, Distribution, Type Locality and Hosts of Each Species,. 1926. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). A Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found in millerse/Buprestidae-of-North-America hash://md5/7d2a513ae776958227c5e499115d38c1. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15256955 282 BENSCH, S., HELLGREN, O. and PÉREZ‐TRIS, J. (2009), MalAvi: a public database of malaria parasites and related haemosporidians in avian hosts based on mitochondrial cytochrome b lineages. Molecular Ecology Resources, 9: 1353-1358. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02692.x Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/malavi hash://md5/dbeac5b46b28dbe114286b0599505155. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416363 271 California Academy of Sciences Entomology and Entomology Type Collection Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). A Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found in globalbioticinteractions/cas-ent hash://md5/a35c85b2774833d20679e8637cc7c5c3. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15191173 263 Food Webs and Species Interactions in the Biodiversity of UK and Ireland (Online). 2017. Data provided by Malcolm Storey. Also available from http://bioinfo.org.uk. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/bioinfo hash://md5/2c7f7b1dfead5d093f8b22147b5dcea5. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416479 262 Canterbury Museum. (2024). Canterbury Museum (CMNZ) collection insect specimen-plant flower interactions (0.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11694302 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/cmnz hash://md5/3f3c4838c4bd5c902ab031540d8ded3a. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416677 248 WorldFAIR pilot data from: VisitationData_Luisa_Carvalheiro. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/calvalheiro2023 hash://md5/bccc0439dcedba335c2e1f9bba278502. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416938 248 http://invertebrates.si.edu/parasites.htm Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within millerse/US-National-Parasite-Collection hash://md5/2d4710a1212994c2538800ca9156bbf4. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16415601 245 Eneida L. Hatcher, Sergey A. Zhdanov, Yiming Bao, Olga Blinkova, Eric P. Nawrocki, Yuri Ostapchuck, Alejandro A. Schäffer, J. Rodney Brister, Virus Variation Resource – improved response to emergent viral outbreaks, Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 45, Issue D1, January 2017, Pages D482–D490, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw1065 . Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/ncbi-virus hash://md5/4b007357ba5f8b3b482082d9bf1e37e2. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416980 213 Groom, Q.J., Maarten De Groot, M. & Marčiulynienė, D. (2020) Species interation data manually extracted from literature for species . Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within AgentschapPlantentuinMeise/ashForestInteractions hash://md5/2273176929e38071b21a6438df74d484. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416287 205 @article{Sabino_2022, doi = {10.1016/j.agee.2022.108012}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.agee.2022.108012}, year = 2022, month = {sep}, publisher = {Elsevier {BV}}, volume = {335}, pages = {108012}, author = {William Sabino and Luciano Costa and Tamires Andrade and Juliana Teixeira and Gustavo Araújo and André Luís Acosta and Luísa Carvalheiro and Tereza Cristina Giannini}, title = {Status and trends of pollination services in Amazon agroforestry systems}, journal = {Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment}} Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/sabina2022 hash://md5/eded49380b17b65a120ecb11e39b7114. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416634 201 University of Hawaii Insect Museum Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/uhim hash://md5/c53deadd40ce70c1788764a8b18a397a. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416908 182 Palomares, M.L.D. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2018. SeaLifeBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.sealifebase.org, version (10/2018). Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/sealifebase hash://md5/9184b3e79974a33d0cc6b15bc8770224. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416477 181 Brigham Young University Arthropod Museum Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/byu-byuc hash://md5/2e019e9e60bd77bc96d40a8a542b1be6. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416622 181 Stokland, J.; Dahlberg, A.; Meyke, E.; Schigel, D.; Siitonen, J. (2006) The Nordic saproxylic database - a comprehensive overview of the biological diversity in dead wood. 1st European Congress of Conservation Biology - "Diversity for Europe". August 2006, Hungary. Book of Abstracts. Society of Conservation Biology (USA) & Blackwell Publishing (UK) p. 159 . Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). A Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found in globalbioticinteractions/saproxylic hash://md5/7145c8edf511a3fd46a1c1b7f2a65cfa. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15212376 164 Stephens, P. R., Pappalardo, P. , Huang, S. , Byers, J. E., Farrell, M. J., Gehman, A. , Ghai, R. R., Haas, S. E., Han, B. , Park, A. W., Schmidt, J. P., Altizer, S. , Ezenwa, V. O. and Nunn, C. L. (2017), Global Mammal Parasite Database version 2.0. Ecology, 98: 1476-1476. doi:10.1002/ecy.1799 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/global-mammal-parasite-database hash://md5/e8c89a931482875da765e5474483c3ab. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416802 143 Allen Hurlbert. 2017. Avian Diet Database. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within hurlbertlab/dietdatabase hash://md5/266b055b7c49cb388d5201dcae2c9f7e. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416150 134 Bartomeus, Ignasi (2013): Plant-Pollinator Network Data. figshare. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.154863.v1 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within zedomel/bartomeus2008 hash://md5/fa3898a9ec0f435f7dab9528aacd64e9. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16415984 133 Sarah E Miller. 12/13/2016. Species associations manually extracted from Onstad, D.W. EDWIP: Ecological Database of the World's Insect Pathogens. Champaign, Illinois: Illinois Natural History Survey, [23/11/2016]. http://insectweb.inhs.uiuc.edu/Pathogens/EDWIP. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens hash://md5/e45c70668ad34fe621e58a2625538891. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16415704 129 Yale University Peabody Museum Collections Data Portal Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). A Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found in globalbioticinteractions/yale-peabody hash://md5/333f37c58ff2ded11cd7fd4cc27e50e3. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15256272 128 Llewelyn, J., Strona, G., Dickman, C.R., Greenville, A.C., Wardle, G.M., Lee, M.S.Y., Doherty, S., Shabani, F., Saltré, F. and Bradshaw, C.J.A. (2023), Predicting predator–prey interactions in terrestrial endotherms using random forest. Ecography e06619. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.06619 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within jhpoelen/random-forests-for-predicting-predator-prey-interactions-in-terrestrial-vertebrates hash://md5/4b9ccb016f814dd537a58f5a2a464e9c. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416221 124 Field Museum of Natural History IPT Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). A Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found in globalbioticinteractions/fmnh hash://md5/e0d0c1436b55ec3ce1f661a9965bcc4f. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15192116 120 Shaw, LP, Wang, AD, Dylus, D, et al. The phylogenetic range of bacterial and viral pathogens of vertebrates. Mol Ecol. 2020; 29: 3361– 3379. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15463 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within liampshaw/Pathogen-host-range hash://md5/fc8777cd05b09b1288f306b22b565aba. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416017 119 Species Interactions of Australia Database (SIAD): Helping us to understand species interactions in Australia and beyond. http://www.discoverlife.org/siad/ . Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/siad hash://md5/8c417416da43d2d28e234c20a64f9ea5. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16417028 118 WIRC / University of Wisconsin Madison WIS-IH / Wisconsin Insect Research Collection Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/wis-ih-wirc hash://md5/6720718278fa7cb9d2bcd450e6f04250. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416917 100 Carlson, C.J. et al., 2021. The Global Virome in One Network (VIRION): an atlas of vertebrate-virus associations. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.06.455442 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/virion hash://md5/582b389869e04c7563c2e3994980eac3. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416551 99 Mihara, T., Nishimura, Y., Shimizu, Y., Nishiyama, H., Yoshikawa, G., Uehara, H., Hingamp, P., Goto, S., and Ogata, H.; Linking virus genomes with host taxonomy. Viruses 8, 66 doi:10.3390/v8030066 (2016). Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/virus-host-db hash://md5/a33a14821015e68ac0e0a1ce35248a0e. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416458 92 Brose, U. et al., 2005. Body sizes of consumers and their resources. Ecology, 86(9), pp.2545–2545. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1890/05-0379. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/brose hash://md5/b70a019bbf2a0237ff4c7d8207f6e09a. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416482 92 San Diego Natural History Museum Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/sdnhm-sdmc hash://md5/fedd1856d0e3f353ed2c1e41ab58273e. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416446 79 Cristina Preda and Quentin Groom. 2014. Species associations manually extracted from literature. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within qgroom/Vespa-velutina hash://md5/590d7f2941c8c31bfafb4afd4a3a4368. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16415902 66 US National Museum of Natural History Ixodes Records Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/usnm-ixodes hash://md5/58fa17026fe6e9938a282c98010487ab. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416434 57 Farr, David F.; Rossman, Amy Y.; Castlebury, Lisa A. (2021). United States National Fungus Collections Fungus-Host Dataset. Ag Data Commons. https://doi.org/10.15482/USDA.ADC/1524414. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/usda-fungus-host hash://md5/18a0db4b0fc6c38d5138c9e42c721b9d. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416410 53 Lintulaakso, K., Tatti, N. and Žliobaitė, I., 2023. Quantifying mammalian diets. Mammalian Biology, 103(1), pp.53-67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42991-022-00323-6 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within jhpoelen/database hash://md5/a3356d29c353252a3469d5c11700309e. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416253 53 Soleto-Casas RC and Simões N (2020). Parasitic and commensal invertebrates of echinoderms from American Tropical And Subtropical Atlantic manually extracted from literature. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within BDMYRepository/Echino-Interactions hash://md5/9c8c4e11cf3a760550ce74b939558058. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16415873 51 Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2018. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org, version (10/2018). Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/fishbase hash://md5/4e0efc1fb5b56556c779d9b5067ce1eb. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416734 45 Olito, Colin; Fox, Jeremy W. (2015), Data from: Species traits and abundances predict metrics of plant–pollinator network structure, but not pairwise interactions, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.7st32 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within zedomel/olito2015 hash://md5/8b109dec50b09a8388369231f8c79c77. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16415997 43 Price Institute of Parasite Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/utah-piper hash://md5/50684b3354c564d5b8458a22a541ec15. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416753 40 Sarah E Miller. 9/19/2017. Species associations manually extracted from Benesh, D. P., Lafferty, K. D. and Kuris, A. (2017), A life cycle database for parasitic acanthocephalans, cestodes, and nematodes. Ecology, 98: 882. doi:10.1002/ecy.1680 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within millerse/Benesh-et-al-2017 hash://md5/e2c94b3c018c3d583f1e57885dfde4c3. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16415613 38 http://gomexsi.tamucc.edu Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within GoMexSI/abascal hash://md5/40f5775b0a452cb55b734b9ca47583c8. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416308 37 Pocock, Michael J. O.; Evans, Darren M.; Memmott, Jane (2012), Data from: The robustness and restoration of a network of ecological networks, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.3s36r118 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/pocock2012 hash://md5/d8f6d8ddafbf5a4bbd6a7bf2cc798f69. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416381 36 Quentin J. Groom. 2020. Species interactions of species on the List of invasive alien species of Union concern Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within trias-project/eu-species-of-concern-interactions hash://md5/020a562c2c03af835d747152e8dae9ef. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416086 36 University of Wisconsin Stevens Point, Stephen J. Taft Parasitological Collection Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/uwsp-para hash://md5/cb16c33810daa8777b0250cc8781b962. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416785 34 Museum for Southwestern Biology (MSB) Parasite Collection Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/msb-para hash://md5/6d7993c3d7634c418143d1b93a1fa023. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416649 34 Sarah E Miller. 6/20/2015. Species associations manually extracted from datasets https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/interactionweb/resources.html. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within millerse/PLANT-SEED-DISPERSER-WEBS hash://md5/f6387fc5b893022b52a91e90aa7efd4b. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16415776 32 Ballantyne, Gavin; Baldock, Katherine C. R.; Willmer, Pat G. (2015), Data from: Constructing more informative plant-pollinator networks: visitation and pollen deposition networks in a heathland plant community, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.17pp3 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within zedomel/ballantyne2015 hash://md5/d32b4736f736d6a94827cd4a0fea3ed4. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416002 29 Sarah E Miller. 5/17/2016. Wenzel, Rupert L., and Vernon J. Tipton. Appendix: Classified List of Hosts and Parasites. Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, 1966. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within millerse/Wenzel-Tipton-Classified-List-of-Hosts-and-Parasites hash://md5/fad57a7af93ec566947189dfb7dd16ff. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16415681 26 Sarah E Miller. 9/19/2016. Species associations extracted from Graystock, P., Blane, E.J., McFrederick, Q.S., Goulson, D. and Hughes, W.O., 2016. Do managed bees drive parasite spread and emergence in wild bees?. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, 5(1), pp.64-75. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within millerse/Greystock-et-al.-2015 hash://md5/db2e4b7d8b54bce78be5bbcdf9b866d6. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16415671 25 Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, J. Linsley Gressitt Center for Research in Entomology Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). A Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found in globalbioticinteractions/bpbm-ent hash://md5/7d8a51c342eb3f0b4c8bd61bff8196bd. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15190976 23 Agosti, Donat. 2020. Transcription of Linné, C. von, 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542 . Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/linnaeus1758 hash://md5/77c913afec9dbb5df93d38385b5f7e7e. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416438 23 Sherman, Aja C.; Geiselman, Cullen; Simons, Nancy B.; Upham, Nathan S.; Poelen, Jorrit H.; Reeder, DeeAnn M.; Bertolino, Sandro; Groom, Quentin; Phelps, Kendra; Agosti, Donat; Willoughby, Anna R. In Preparation. Bat-Co-Roosting Database develop by the Biodiversity-related knowledge hub on COVID-19. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/bat-co-roosting-database hash://md5/c38313b45b590218f8683820531a8b13. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416514 23 Udy, Kristy; Reininghaus, Hannah; Scherber, Christoph; Tscharntke, Teja (2020), Data from: Plant-pollinator interactions along an urbanization gradient from cities and villages to farmland landscapes, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.4mw6m906s Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within zedomel/udy2020 hash://md5/42994eeb20ef33a6a188cf31cb4619b5. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416007 20 IPBES. (2016). The assessment report of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services on pollinators, pollination and food production. Table 2.4.3 p88 Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3402857 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/ipbes-pollinator-2016 hash://md5/2f8d363735d4516943e3c3a5db0cf7e4. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416489 19 Seltzer, Carrie; Wysocki, William; Palacios, Melissa; Eickhoff, Anna; Pilla, Hannah; Aungst, Jordan; Mercer, Aaron; Quicho, Jamie; Voss, Neil; Xu, Man; J. Ndangalasi, Henry; C. Lovett, Jon; J. Cordeiro, Norbert (2015): Plant-animal interactions from Africa. figshare. https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1526128 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/AfricaTreeDatabase hash://md5/6326a0b3275c4c5ae8b8afc32c31b307. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416587 18 Jakovos Demetriou and Quentin Groom 2014. Species associations of Sceliphron manually extracted from literature. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within qgroom/Sceliphron hash://md5/8b608b17e34230c5b4697504e6ff98a5. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16415968 17 Species Connect. https://speciesconnect.com Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/speciesconnect hash://md5/8b64dea45145f5cd7273d82dff3bb150. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416560 14 Fabricia Sousa Paz, Carlos Eduardo Pinto, Rafael Melo de Brito, Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca, Tereza Cristina Giannini, Edible Fruit Plant Species in the Amazon Forest Rely Mostly on Bees and Beetles as Pollinators, Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 114, Issue 2, April 2021, Pages 710–722, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa284 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). A Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found in globalbioticinteractions/paz2021 hash://md5/b625ec71acea9ebdc28aa89e2ce6b293. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15211913 14 Raymond, B., Marshall, M., Nevitt, G., Gillies, C., van den Hoff, J., Stark, J.S., Losekoot, M., Woehler, E.J., and Constable, A.J. (2011) A Southern Ocean dietary database. Ecology 92(5):1188. Available from http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/10-1907.1 . Data set supplied by Ben Raymond. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/raymond hash://md5/ef9872bb1b331017b98ab1e4ef1cc8ea. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416731 14 Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research. (2023). SCAR Southern Ocean Diet and Energetics Database (2023-04-04) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7796465 hash://md5/e41e29d8fb3c2d731f292ec08798cf6b hash://md5/05abf23c0b9e5f4bc721ff407455af0a hash://sha256/7a344b858ab8d1daeca1da49843e8bf957f1116ff9e10a29176ab5c02cb49bef Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/scar hash://md5/1376a661aee115342869f99165b5425d. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416322 13 Geiselman, Cullen K. & Sarah Younger. 2020. Bat Eco-Interactions Database. www.batbase.org Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/batbase hash://md5/d16cd24cd99dce50bb2d62dbe360518e. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416780 12 Gaden S. Robinson; Phillip R. Ackery; Ian Kitching; George W Beccaloni; Luis M. Hernández (2023). HOSTS (from HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants) [Data set resource]. Natural History Museum. https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/hosts/resource/877f387a-36a3-486c-a0c1-b8d5fb69f85a via Natural History Museum (2023). Data Portal query on 1 resources created at 2023-05-24 11:19:42.032183 PID https://doi.org/10.5519/qd.bsucrxdz Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/HOSTS hash://md5/6e6fc201245791532a125a3bdc6fd74a. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416467 12 Gandhi, K. J. K., & Herms, D. A. (2009). North American arthropods at risk due to widespread Fraxinus mortality caused by the Alien Emerald ash borer. Biological Invasions, 12(6), 1839–1846. doi:10.1007/s10530-009-9594-1. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/gandhi2009 hash://md5/a5b097d44500be423f88551e3619d743. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416770 12 Meyer R.S., et al., Beach environmental DNA fills gaps in photographic biomonitoring to track spatiotemporal community turnover across 82 phyla. Environmental DNA, submitted June 3, 2019. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/species-interaction-dataset-inventory hash://md5/8dcdc413b12f966c34b57866482eff27. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416702 9 Consortium of Small Vertebrate Collections Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/csvcoll hash://md5/fd31cd52608022874645289511ec3e46. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17113239 9 Urban M, Cuzick A, Rutherford K, Irvine A, Pedro H, Pant R, Sadanadan V, Khamari L, Billal S, Mohanty S, Hammond-Kosack KE. PHI-base: a new interface and further additions for the multi-species pathogen-host interactions database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2017 Jan 4;45(D1):D604-D610. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkw1089. Epub 2016 Dec 3. PMID:27915230 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within PHI-base/data hash://md5/ce0b67ad31fae240ecc4e2150ab66868. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416104 8 Sarah E Miller. 7/6/2016. Arctos collection. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within millerse/Arctos hash://md5/55ca678493a724abe38a16d97be55214. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16415799 5 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). Year of The Stomach Datasets. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/ices hash://md5/fc343ebaf8d91e0ff37d2859f991cffd. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16417042 4 Sarah E Miller. 4/20/2015. Species associations manually extracted from various papers and articles from site https://repository.si.edu Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within millerse/Smithsonian-Repository-Interactions hash://md5/610570ac3d2a1efb53ce08805e79654c. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16415595 4 Sarah E Miller. 5/28/2015. Arnaud, Paul Henri. A Host-parasite Catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration, 1978. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within millerse/A-Host-parasite-Catalog-of-North-American-Tachinidae-Diptera- hash://md5/31c439607fb5700cdff30daa5a9de902. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16415660 4 Sarah E Miller. 7/7/2016. Text gathered from Wirta, H.K., Vesterinen, E.J., Hambäck, P.A., Weingartner, E., Rasmussen, C., Reneerkens, J., Schmidt, N.M., Gilg, O. and Roslin, T., 2015. Exposing the structure of an Arctic food web. Ecology and evolution, 5(17), pp.3842-3856. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within millerse/Arctic-food-web hash://md5/c21985708124e07cbd6a406aee9bbaec. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16415824 4 Semantic Prototypes in Research Ecoinformatics (SPIRE). Data provided by Joel Sachs. See also http://ebiquity.umbc.edu/get/a/publication/297.pdf . Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/spire hash://md5/8762e86fba571732b84e010be8c3714d. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416550 4 University of California Santa Barbara Herbarium Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/ucsb-cch hash://md5/50fa6c49da902ccfc969f7d4e988c928. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416735 3 Geiselman, Cullen K. and Tuli I. Defex. 2015. Bat Eco-Interactions Database. www.batplant.org Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/batplant hash://md5/54681320b16449dcaa27dff302343c21. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416977 3 Gippet, J.M.W., Bates, O.K., Moulin, J. et al. The global risk of infectious disease emergence from giant land snail invasion and pet trade. Parasites Vectors 16, 363 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-023-06000-y Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within jhpoelen/Gippet2023_GiantLandSnails hash://md5/65a3804d52e605937c5568270dd7e63c. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416233 3 Jorrit H. Poelen. 2017. Species interactions associated with known species interaction datasets. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/species-interaction-dataset-inventory hash://md5/8dcdc413b12f966c34b57866482eff27. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416702 3 Ministerio del Ambiente, Agua y Transición Ecológica de Ecuador - MAATE. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/maate hash://md5/0216ed61272eb984ddb3f47406d25882. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17113221 3 Sarah E Miller. 9/15/2016. Species associations extracted from http://parasiticplants.siu.edu/index.html. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within millerse/parasitic-plant-connection hash://md5/cd1e9b5cda7ee82e55fc1c2522559481. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16415790 3 Sarah E Miller. 9/3/2015. Species associations manually extracted from JSTOR. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within millerse/Jstor-Collecton hash://md5/de71f5976b7b2aaa15f704584dda1898. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16415760 3 Schriml, L. M., Arze, C., Nadendla, S., Ganapathy, A., Felix, V., Mahurkar, A., … Hall, N. (2009). GeMInA, Genomic Metadata for Infectious Agents, a geospatial surveillance pathogen database. Nucleic Acids Research, 38(Database), D754–D764. doi:10.1093/nar/gkp832 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/gemina hash://md5/daec22aad6df8d070d97926a4d4785c5. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416870 2 Carnegie Invertebrate Zoology Collection Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Darwin Core Archive Shared by <collectionName>Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Section of Invertebrate Zoology</collectionName>, Including a Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names hash://md5/362dd13b144d20a15956fff1590ace34. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416469 2 F. Gabriel. Muñoz. 2017. Palm-Animal frugivore associations extracted from literature with Biodiversity Observations Miner for SouthEast Asia. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within fgabriel1891/Plant-Frugivore-Interactions-SouthEastAsia hash://md5/65606068d2803bf77ba465ae17144710. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416107 2 Ferrer-Paris, José R.; Sánchez-Mercado, Ada Y.; Lozano, Cecilia; Zambrano, Liset; Soto, José; Baettig, Jessica; Leal, María (2014): A compilation of larval host-plant records for six families of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) from available electronic resources. figshare. http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1168861 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/ferrer-paris hash://md5/c89402d7e3b909acbb47ce928f22b8f4. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416750 2 Paleo Digitization Working Group. Biological associations extracted from fossil specimens. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within jhpoelen/paleo-interactions-test hash://md5/307f55aeff9a78f2a57bd040ef78455d. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416273 2 Quentin J. Groom. 2020. Bat interation data manually extracted from literature. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within ekrimmel/paleo-interactions-test hash://md5/7ed81623aa62ef4cd19d5bc9b56638dd. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16415977 2 Sarah E. Miller. 04/14/2015. Extracted from literature Scott, J.A. 1986. The Butterflies of North America. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within millerse/The-Butterflies-of-North-America hash://md5/3993aebad5a04be82adc80562b855537. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16415726 2 Strona, G., Palomares, M. L. D., Bailly, N., Galli, P., & Lafferty, K. D. (2013). Host range, host ecology, and distribution of more than 11 800 fish parasite species. Ecology, 94(2), 544–544. doi:10.1890/12-1419.1 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/strona hash://md5/74b4ee1a8508bc4baa904f176ce1d85d. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416621 2 Thessen AE. 2017. Biotic Interactions in Greenland. GloBI. 10.5281/zenodo.266824 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within diatomsRcool/greenland_interactions hash://md5/3f91b3e9e7812c5c2180079bc5b9fbaf. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416120 1 Bourlat SJ, Koch M, Kirse A, Langen K, Espeland M, Giebner H, Decher J, Ssymank A, Fonseca VG (2023) Metabarcoding dietary analysis in the insectivorous bat Nyctalus leisleri and implications for conservation. Biodiversity Data Journal 11: e111146. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e111146 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/bourlat2023 hash://md5/1ab037712f7c93b30182e92e6325063e. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416824 1 De Rojas M, Doña J, Dimov I (2020) A comprehensive survey of Rhinonyssid mites (Mesostigmata: Rhinonyssidae) in Northwest Russia: New mite-host associations and prevalence data. Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e49535. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e49535 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/pensoft-table hash://md5/99e8ec0d0862a87f71769100b233d09a. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416812 1 Deans, Andrew (2021). Catalog of Rose Gall, Herb Gall, and Inquiline Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) of the United States, Canada, and Mexico Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/cynipidaeNorthAmerica hash://md5/3566ac3331bc24f31f8dc6e66c337c67. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416523 1 Gunther KA et al. 2014 Dietary breadth of grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Ursus 25(1):60-72 Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within diatomsRcool/yellowstone_grizzly hash://md5/e2c21175795736b581450495dd9c9077. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416119 1 HiveTracks WorldFAIR Test Data. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within globalbioticinteractions/hivetracks2023 hash://md5/222e89f396dab689331fa40bc6412d62. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416411 1 Pinnegar, J.K. (2014). DAPSTOM - An Integrated Database & Portal for Fish Stomach Records. Version 4.7. Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, UK. February 2014, 39pp. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within millerse/Dapstrom-integrated-database-and-portal-for-fish-stomach-records hash://md5/61405688b33fbf330cfeb409e62b41a2. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16415725 1 Sarah E Miller. 3/4/2015. Species associations manually extracted from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2009.00907.x/suppinfo. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within millerse/Weidinger-et-al.-2009 hash://md5/7e43de6d2a1e16d7e63fc3dd60312990. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16415663 1 Sarah E Miller. 5/21/2015. Text gathered from http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within millerse/BHL-Interactions hash://md5/d3d8455937559ca06534c1f31e681bec. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16415751 1 Vanderweyen A, Fraiture A, Groom Q, Desmet P, Reyserhove L (2019). Catalogue of the Rust Fungi of Belgium. Botanic Garden Meise. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Darwin Core Archive Shared by , Including a Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names hash://md5/261f8c9404bfc37fa02553ab068170fd. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416555 1 Vanderweyen, A., & Fraiture, A. (2009). Catalogue des Uredinales de Belgique, 1re partie, Chaconiaceae, Coleosporiaceae, Cronartiaceae, Melampsoraceae, Phragmidiaceae, Pucciniastraceae, Raveneliaceae et Uropyxidaceae. Lejeunia, Revue de Botanique|Vanderweyen, A., & Fraiture, A. (2009). Catalogue des Uredinales de Belgique, 2ème partie, Pucciniaceae (sauf Puccinia)(suite 2). Lejeunia, Revue de Botanique.|Vanderweyen, A., & Fraiture, A. (2012). CATALOGUE DES UREDINALES DE Belgique 3ème partie Pucciniaceae (genre Puccinia). Lejeunia, Revue de Botanique. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within jhpoelen/uredinales-belgium-checklist hash://md5/296a8a1755c559023989f0d3b1ac7b4d. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16416280 1 Zeke Marshall. 2021. Species interactions manually extracted from literature. Elton, Nomer, & Preston. (2025). Versioned Archive and Review of Biotic Interactions and Taxon Names Found within ZekeMarshall/ZMBioticInteractions hash://md5/7e7ffc737f723321ca474ee497efafce. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16415884 References Poelen JH, Simons JD, Mungall CJ (2014). Global Biotic Interactions: An open infrastructure to share and analyze species-interaction datasets. Ecological Informatics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2014.08.005 Seltmann KC, Allen J, Brown BV, Carper A, Engel MS, Franz N, Gilbert E, Grinter C, Gonzalez VH, Horsley P, Lee S, Maier C, Miko I, Morris P, Oboyski P, Pierce NE, Poelen J, Scott VL, Smith M, Talamas EJ, Tsutsui ND, Tucker E (2021) Announcing Big-Bee: An initiative to promote understanding of bees through image and trait digitization. Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 5: e74037. https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.5.74037 Poelen, JS & Seltmann, KS (2024) Bees Only Please: Bees Only Please: Selecting Hundreds of Thousands of Possible Bee Interactions Using a Laptop, Open Datasets, and Small (but Mighty) Commandline Tools. https://www.globalbioticinteractions.org/2024/06/07/bees-only-please Ascher, J. S. and J. Pickering (2020) Discover Life bee species guide and world checklist (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila). http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?guide=Apoidea_species. Acknowledgements This project is supported by the National Science Foundation. Award numbers: DBI:2102006, DBI:2101929, DBI:2101908, DBI:2101876, DBI:2101875, DBI:2101851, DBI:2101345, DBI:2101913, DBI:2101891 and DBI:2101850