Agri-Environmental Indicators / Energy

ENERGY USE: Agriculture consumes energy directly for crop and livestock production (machinery, etc) but also indirectly through fertilizers and pesticides. Agriculture also produces energy as biofuels and biomass production. As an energy user, Agriculture contributes to global warming (mainly through CO2 emissions, but also CH4 and N2O emissions), air pollution (mainly through NOx and SO2 emissions) and to the depletion of fossil energy resources. Important energy users are glasshouse horticulture, floriculture and dairy production. Agriculture can make a contribution to the mitigation of climate change and air pollution effects through more efficient energy use and through the production of renewable energy (bio-energy production). Indicator: Agriculture and forestry energy used as a % of total energy use, measured as Agr.Energy use/Total Energy Use)*100. BIOENERGY: Bioenergy refers to energy derived from the biological carbon fixation of plants or from biological tissues. Examples are biodiesel, derived from vegetable oils and animal fats, and bioethanol, produced by the fermentation of carbohydrates of crops like corn. The production of biomass for energy production has important effects on rural development, international policy and economy, and on the environment: it supports the rural economy creating jobs and gives farmers a source of income complementary to food production. Biofuels have also an impact on economy and trade, since they reduce the dependence on oil-producing countries. Being derived from plants, their production contributes to carbon sequestration. Biofuels production presents also some issues, such as the increased pressure on water resources, deforestation (to clear land to cultivate fuel crops), and the change in use of land originally intended for food production. Indicator: Bioenergy production as a % of total energy production. Methodology: Sum of different bioenergy (e.g. biodiesel, biogases). Share of bioenergy on renewable energy prod. = (Biofuels prod/Total renewable production)*100.

能源消耗：农业直接消耗能源以支持作物和畜牧业的生产（如机械设备等），同时也通过化肥和农药的间接使用消耗能源。农业还通过生物燃料和生物质生产产生能源。作为能源消耗者，农业对全球变暖（主要通过二氧化碳排放，但也包括甲烷和氧化亚氮排放）以及空气污染（主要通过氮氧化物和二氧化硫排放）和化石能源资源的耗竭做出了贡献。重要的能源使用者包括温室园艺、花卉栽培和乳品生产。通过提高能源利用效率和可再生能源（生物能源生产）的生产，农业可以在缓解气候变化和空气污染方面做出贡献。指标：农业和林业能源消耗占总能源消耗的百分比，计算公式为（农业能源消耗/总能源消耗）×100。生物质能：生物质能指的是来源于植物生物碳固定的能量或生物组织的能量。例如，生物柴油，由植物油和动物脂肪提炼而成，以及通过玉米等作物碳水化合物的发酵生产的生物乙醇。生物质能生产对农村发展、国际政策和经济以及环境具有重要影响：它支持农村经济，创造就业机会，并为农民提供除粮食生产以外的收入来源。生物燃料对经济和贸易也有影响，因为它们减少了对外国石油生产国的依赖。由于来源于植物，其生产有助于碳汇的形成。生物燃料的生产也引发了一些问题，例如对水资源压力的增加、森林砍伐（为种植燃料作物而清理土地）以及原本用于粮食生产的土地使用方式的改变。指标：生物质能生产占总能源生产的百分比。方法：不同生物质能（例如生物柴油、生物气体）的总和。生物质能在可再生能源生产中的份额=（生物燃料产量/总可再生能源产量）×100。