Challenges to Peace and Security in Africa

<p>The aims of this thesis are to:</p><ul><li>To examine the causes of atrocity crimes in Sudan and determine how this understanding can be applied to limit armed conflict and mistreatment of the Black African community in Sudan. </li><li>To examine the racial discrimination and examine whether the Arab ideology is responsible for the strong socio-economic inequality in Sudan.</li></ul> <p>This study analyzed data from a variety of sources, such as reports and documents produced by the Islamic government, organizations such as the United Nations, the African Union, the International Criminal Court, and others who engage in human rights interactions with non-government organizations. In addition, primary data were collected from households using semi-structured interviews, key information, and focus groups, as well as interviews with victims in war zones, community leaders, and rebel leaders (Sudan Contemporary Center for Studies and Development 2003-2019).</p><p><strong>A variety of sources were used to collect the data for this study, including:</strong><br> <strong>Quantitative data:</strong> In this research, quantitative data is used to answer key questions such as "how many, "how much", and "how often". For example, the number of villages and towns that we destroyed, the number of victims, and the Human rights violations and ethnicity in Sudan's Black African Community for instance.</p><p><strong>Qualitative data:</strong> Qualitative data was used to answer questions such as "how this happened" and "why this happened". For example, what cause the atrocities crimes in Sudan, why and how they happened, and the ethnicity that was subjected to atrocities such as the Black African Communities in Sudan.</p> <p>This study analyzed data from a variety of sources, such as reports and documents produced by the Islamic government, organizations such as the United Nations, the African Union, the International Criminal Court, and others who engage in human rights interactions with non-government organizations. In addition, primary data were collected from households using semi-structured interviews, key information, and focus groups, as well as interviews with victims in war zones, community leaders, and rebel leaders (Sudan Contemporary Center for Studies and Development 2003-2019).</p><p><strong>Among the data collected in this study are:</strong>Observations, online surveys, Focus groups, interviews with victims and leaders of communities in Darfur, Nubba Mountains, and the Blue Nile, documents and records, and oral histories.</p><p><strong>Interview:</strong> The Researcher of this study interviewed victims and community leaders in Darfur, the Nuba Mountains, and the Blue Nile. The interview was over the phone, the researcher was located in Brisbane Australia and the victims were in different locations in Sudan. Interviews with local leaders and victims were conducted in Arabic and other local Sudanese languages. The interviews were taped, transcribed, analyzed, and then destroyed in accordance with the original agreement. The authors interviewed hundreds of victims in Darfur and in refugee camps in Chad. Because of the circumstances and the risk of interference, the talks were conducted over the phone and via email. There were many interruptions as the phone dropped out numerous times due to Sudan and South Sudan's poor networks. The study discusses the USA's investigations into the conflict via the Darfur Atrocities Documentation Team. It was on the basis of these interviews that Colin Powell, US Secretary of State, announced that genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and ethnic cleansing were committed by the Sudanese Government and pro-government forces.</p><p><strong>Observation:</strong> As the researcher observed the situation in Sudan, the victims, and noticed major events in Sudan, he used this method to collect data.</p><p><strong>Focus Groups:</strong> During a focus group discussion, the researcher used the following methods for data gathering audio and tape recording, note-taking, and participant observation, all these data were collected via social media groups such as Club-House - Facebook ...etc.</p><p><strong>Online and over the Survey data:</strong> Survey data was collected by the researcher from a sample of respondents who responded to a survey. It was conducted over the phone and online through social media.