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Prematurity has been linked to an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, including dyslexia, due to neonatal complications that can impact brain maturation, such as intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, and respiratory distress syndrome. This study examines the relationship between prematurity, neonatal conditions, and dyslexia, using a sample of 120 participants divided into four groups: preterm children with dyslexia (G-PREDIX), preterm children without dyslexia (G-PREMA), full-term children with dyslexia (G-DISLX), and full-term children without dyslexia (G-NODISLX). Key neonatal variables such as gestational age, birth weight, APGAR scores, neonatal complications, and NICU admission were analyzed in relation to reading performance, assessed through standardized reading tests. Using multiple linear regression models, the study explored whether these early-life factors predict reading difficulties and dyslexia risk. The results indicate that neonatal complications and prematurity alone do not significantly predict dyslexia diagnosis, but a negative trend was observed between intraventricular hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia and reading comprehension and word decoding performance. These findings suggest that prematurity, in the absence of other risk factors, does not necessarily result in dyslexia, but when combined with specific neonatal conditions, it may increase the severity of reading difficulties. These results emphasize the importance of early assessment and targeted intervention programs to support the reading development of at-risk preterm children, particularly those with a history of neonatal complications.早产与包括阅读障碍在内的神经发育障碍风险升高存在关联，此类关联源于可影响大脑成熟的新生儿并发症，例如脑室内出血（intraventricular hemorrhage）、脑室周围白质软化症（periventricular leukomalacia）以及呼吸窘迫综合征（respiratory distress syndrome）。本研究针对早产、新生儿状况与阅读障碍之间的关联展开分析，研究样本共纳入120名受试者，分为四组：伴阅读障碍的早产儿童（G-PREDIX）、无阅读障碍的早产儿童（G-PREMA）、伴阅读障碍的足月儿（G-DISLX）以及无阅读障碍的足月儿（G-NODISLX）。研究通过标准化阅读测试评估受试者的阅读表现，并分析了胎龄、出生体重、阿普加评分（APGAR）、新生儿并发症以及新生儿重症监护病房（NICU）收治情况等关键新生儿变量与阅读表现之间的关联。本研究采用多元线性回归模型，探究上述早期生命因素能否预测阅读困难与阅读障碍的发生风险。研究结果显示，仅依靠新生儿并发症与早产因素，无法显著预测阅读障碍的诊断结果，但脑室内出血、脑室周围白质软化症与阅读理解能力及字词解码表现之间呈现负向关联趋势。上述研究结果表明，若不存在其他风险因素，早产本身并不一定会引发阅读障碍；但当早产合并特定新生儿并发症时，则可能加重阅读困难的程度。本研究结果进一步强调，早期评估与针对性干预项目对于支持存在阅读障碍风险的早产儿童（尤其是有新生儿并发症病史的早产儿童）的阅读发展具有重要意义。