Enterprise survey 2006-2017, Panel data - Argentina

Abstract
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The documented dataset covers Enterprise Survey (ES) panel data collected in Argentina in 2006, 2010 and 2017, as part of the Enterprise Survey initiative of the World Bank. An Indicator Survey is similar to an Enterprise Survey; it is implemented for smaller economies where the sampling strategies inherent in an Enterprise Survey are often not applicable due to the limited universe of firms.

The objective of the 2006-2017 Enterprise Survey is to obtain feedback from enterprises in client countries on the state of the private sector as well as to build a panel of enterprise data that will make it possible to track changes in the business environment over time and allow, for example, impact assessments of reforms. Through interviews with firms in the manufacturing and services sectors, the Indicator Survey data provides information on the constraints to private sector growth and is used to create statistically significant business environment indicators that are comparable across countries.

As part of its strategic goal of building a climate for investment, job creation, and sustainable growth, the World Bank has promoted improving the business environment as a key strategy for development, which has led to a systematic effort in collecting enterprise data across countries. The Enterprise Surveys (ES) are an ongoing World Bank project in collecting both objective data based on firms' experiences and enterprises' perception of the environment in which they operate.

Geographic coverage
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National

Analysis unit
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The primary sampling unit of the study is the establishment. An establishment is a physical location where business is carried out and where industrial operations take place or services are provided. A firm may be composed of one or more establishments. For example, a brewery may have several bottling plants and several establishments for distribution. For the purposes of this survey an establishment must make its own financial decisions and have its own financial statements separate from those of the firm. An establishment must also have its own management and control over its payroll.

Universe
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The whole population, or the universe, covered in the Enterprise Surveys is the non-agricultural economy. It comprises: all manufacturing sectors according to the ISIC Revision 3.1 group classification (group D), construction sector (group F), services sector (groups G and H), and transport, storage, and communications sector (group I). Note that this population definition excludes the following sectors: financial intermediation (group J), real estate and renting activities (group K, except sub-sector 72, IT, which was added to the population under study), and all public or utilities-sectors.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The sample for the 2006-2017 Argentina Enterprise Survey (ES) was selected using stratified random sampling, following the methodology explained in the Sampling Manual. Stratified random sampling was preferred over simple random sampling for several reasons:
- To obtain unbiased estimates for different subdivisions of the population with some known level of precision.
- To obtain unbiased estimates for the whole population. The whole population, or universe of the study, is the non-agricultural economy. It comprises: all manufacturing sectors (group D), construction (group F), services (groups G and H), and transport, storage, and communications (group I). Groups are defined following ISIC revision 3.1. Note that this definition excludes the following sectors: financial intermediation (group J), real estate and renting activities (group K, excluding sub-sector 72, IT, which was added to the population under study), and all public or utilities-sectors.
- To make sure that the final total sample includes establishments from all different sectors and that it is not concentrated in one or two of industries/sizes/regions.
- To exploit the benefits of stratified sampling where population estimates, in most cases, will be more precise than using a simple random sampling method (i.e., lower standard errors, other things being equal.)

Three levels of stratification were used in every country: industry, establishment size, and region.

Industry stratification was designed in the following way: In small economies the population was stratified into 3 manufacturing industries, one services industry - retail-, and one residual sector as defined in the sampling manual. Each industry had a target of 120 interviews. In middle size economies the population was stratified into 4 manufacturing industries, 2 services industries -retail and IT-, and one residual sector. For the manufacturing industries sample sizes were inflated by 25% to account for potential non-response in the financing data.

For the Argentina ES, size stratification was defined following the standardized definition for the rollout: small (5 to 19 employees), medium (20 to 99 employees), and large (more than 99 employees). For stratification purposed, the number of employees was defined on the basis of reported permanent full-time workers. This resulted in some difficulties in certain countries where seasonal/casual/part-time labor is common.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The current survey instruments are available:
- Core Questionnaire + Manufacturing Module [ISIC Rev.3.1: 15-37]
- Core Questionnaire + Retail Module [ISIC Rev.3.1: 52]
- Core Questionnaire [ISIC Rev.3.1: 45, 50, 51, 55, 60-64, 72]
- Screener Questionnaire.

The "Core Questionnaire" is the heart of the Enterprise Survey and contains the survey questions asked of all firms across the world. There are also two other survey instruments - the "Core Questionnaire + Manufacturing Module" and the "Core Questionnaire + Retail Module." The survey is fielded via three instruments in order to not ask questions that are irrelevant to specific types of firms, e.g. a question that relates to production and nonproduction workers should not be asked of a retail firm. In addition to questions that are asked across countries, all surveys are customized and contain country-specific questions. An example of customization would be including tourism-related questions that are asked in certain countries when tourism is an existing or potential sector of economic growth.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures.

Cleaning operations
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Data entry and quality controls are implemented by the contractor and data is delivered to the World Bank in batches (typically 10%, 50% and 100%). These data deliveries are checked for logical consistency, out of range values, skip patterns, and duplicate entries. Problems are flagged by the World Bank and corrected by the implementing contractor through data checks, callbacks, and revisiting establishments.

Response rate
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Survey non-response must be differentiated from item non-response. The former refers to refusals to participate in the survey altogether whereas the latter refers to the refusals to answer some specific questions. Enterprise Surveys suffer from both problems and different strategies were used to address these issues.

Item non-response was addressed by two strategies:

a- For sensitive questions that may generate negative reactions from the respondent, such as corruption or tax evasion, enumerators were instructed to collect the refusal to respond (-8) as a different option from don't know (-9).

b- Establishments with incomplete information were re-contacted in order to complete this information, whenever necessary. However, there were clear cases of low response. The following graph shows non-response rates for the sales variable, d2, by sector. Please, note that for this specific question, refusals were not separately identified from "Don't know" responses.

Survey non-response was addressed by maximizing efforts to contact establishments that were initially selected for interview. Attempts were made to contact the establishment for interview at different times/days of the week before a replacement establishment (with similar strata characteristics) was suggested for interview. Survey non-response did occur but substitutions were made in order to potentially achieve strata-specific goals; whenever this was done, strict rules were followed to ensure replacements were randomly selected within the same stratum. Further research is needed on survey non-response in the Enterprise Surveys regarding potential introduction of bias.

摘要
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本记录的数据库涵盖了2006年、2010年和2017年在阿根廷收集的企业调查（ES）面板数据，这是世界银行企业调查倡议的一部分。指标调查类似于企业调查；在样本量有限、企业调查的抽样策略往往不适用的小型经济体中实施。
2006-2017年企业调查的目标是从客户国家的企业获取关于私营部门状况的反馈，并建立一个企业数据面板，以便随着时间的推移跟踪商业环境的变迁，并允许进行例如改革影响的评估。通过访谈制造业和服务业的企业，指标调查数据提供了关于私营部门增长限制的信息，并用于创建具有跨国可比性的统计意义上的商业环境指标。
作为其构建投资、就业创造和可持续增长氛围的战略目标的一部分，世界银行已将改善商业环境作为发展的关键战略，这导致了对各国企业数据进行系统性收集的努力。企业调查（ES）是世界银行持续进行的项目，旨在收集基于企业经验和企业对其运营环境感知的客观数据。
地理覆盖范围
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全国
分析单元
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研究的主要抽样单元是机构。机构是企业经营活动和工业操作或服务提供的物理地点。一家公司可能由一个或多个机构组成。例如，一家酿酒厂可能有几个灌装厂和几个用于分销的机构。就本次调查而言，机构必须能够独立做出财务决策，并拥有与其公司财务报表分开的独立财务报表。机构还必须拥有自己的管理和对其工资单的控制。
总体
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企业调查（ES）涵盖的总体，即整个群体，是非农业经济。它包括：根据ISIC修订版3.1分组分类的所有制造业部门（组D）、建筑部门（组F）、服务业部门（组G和H），以及运输、仓储和通信部门（组I）。请注意，此人口定义排除了以下部门：金融中介（组J）、房地产和租赁活动（组K，除子部门72，IT，该子部门已纳入研究群体），以及所有公共或公用事业部门。
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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2006-2017年阿根廷企业调查（ES）的样本采用分层随机抽样方法选择，遵循抽样手册中解释的方法。由于以下原因，分层随机抽样被优先考虑，而不是简单随机抽样：
- 为了获得针对具有已知精度的不同人口子分组的无偏估计。
- 为了获得针对整个群体的无偏估计。整个群体，或研究总体，是非农业经济。它包括：所有制造业部门（组D）、建筑业（组F）、服务业（组G和H），以及运输、仓储和通信业（组I）。组别定义遵循ISIC修订版3.1。请注意，此定义排除了以下部门：金融中介（组J）、房地产和租赁活动（组K，除子部门72，IT，该子部门已纳入研究群体），以及所有公共或公用事业部门。
- 确保最终的总样本包括来自所有不同部门的机构，并且不集中在某一两个行业/规模/地区。
- 利用分层抽样的优势，在大多数情况下，人口估计将比使用简单随机抽样方法（即，标准误差更低，其他条件相同）更精确。
每个国家都使用了三个层次的分层：行业、机构规模和地区。
行业分层设计如下：在小型经济体中，人口被分为3个制造业部门、1个服务业部门——零售——和1个在抽样手册中定义的剩余部门。每个行业的目标是120次访谈。在中型经济体中，人口被分为4个制造业部门、2个服务业部门——零售和IT——和1个剩余部门。对于制造业部门，样本量增加了25%，以考虑到融资数据中可能出现的非响应。
对于阿根廷ES，规模分层是根据实施的标准定义来定义的：小型（5至19名员工）、中型（20至99名员工）和大型（超过99名员工）。为了分层的目的，员工的数量是以报告的永久全职工人的数量为基础定义的。这在某些国家造成了一些困难，因为这些国家普遍存在季节性/临时/兼职劳动。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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当前的调查工具包括以下内容：
- 核心问卷 + 制造业模块 [ISIC Rev.3.1: 15-37]
- 核心问卷 + 零售模块 [ISIC Rev.3.1: 52]
- 核心问卷 [ISIC Rev.3.1: 45, 50, 51, 55, 60-64, 72]
- 屏蔽问卷。
“核心问卷”是企业调查的核心，包含向全球所有企业提出的问题。还有两种其他调查工具——“核心问卷 + 制造业模块”和“核心问卷 + 零售模块”。调查通过三种工具进行，以确保不向特定类型的企业提出不相关的问题，例如，与生产和非生产工人相关的问题不应向零售企业提出。除了在各国提出的问题外，所有调查都是定制的，并包含具有国家特定问题的问题。定制的例子包括在某些国家，当旅游业是现有或潜在的经济增长部门时，会询问与旅游业相关的问题。
标准企业调查主题包括企业特征、性别参与、融资获取、年销售额、投入/劳动力成本、劳动力构成、贿赂、许可、基础设施、贸易、犯罪、竞争、产能利用率、土地和许可、税收、非正式性、商业-政府关系、创新和技术，以及绩效指标。
数据处理操作
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数据录入和质量控制由承包商实施，数据以批量（通常是10%、50%和100%）的形式交付给世界银行。这些数据交付将进行逻辑一致性、超出范围值、跳过模式和重复条目的检查。问题由世界银行标记并由实施承包商通过数据检查、回访和重访机构进行纠正。
响应率
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调查非响应必须与项目非响应区分开来。前者是指拒绝参与整个调查，而后者是指拒绝回答某些特定问题。企业调查（ES）都存在这两个问题，并使用了不同的策略来解决这些问题。
项目非响应通过以下两种策略来解决：
a- 对于可能引起受访者负面反应的敏感问题，例如腐败或逃税，调查员被指示将拒绝回答（-8）作为一个与“不知道”（-9）不同的选项收集。
b- 对于信息不完整的企业，在必要时重新联系以完成这些信息。然而，存在低响应率的明确案例。以下图表显示了按部门划分的销售变量d2的非响应率。请注意，对于这个问题，拒绝回答没有与“不知道”回答分开。
调查非响应通过最大限度地接触最初选择进行访谈的机构来解决。在建议用具有类似分层特征的替代机构进行访谈之前，尝试在不同时间/星期几联系机构进行访谈。调查非响应确实发生了，但进行了替换，以便可能实现分层特定的目标；每次这样做时，都遵循严格的规则以确保替代品在同一个分层内随机选择。需要进一步研究企业调查（ES）中的调查非响应，以了解潜在引入偏差的可能性。