INTERFERENCE-BASED OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

This article analyzes one of the most important phenomena arising from the wave nature of light—interference—and the optical instruments based on it. The physical essence of the interference phenomenon, the conditions for its occurrence, and the theoretical foundations of interferometric methods are discussed. The operating principles of interferometers such as Michelson, Fabry–Perot, and Mach–Zehnder, as well as their applications in science, industry, medicine, and modern technologies, are presented from a scientific perspective. The article aims to reveal the significance of interference-based methods in the fields of optics, biophysics, and engineering.