Survivorship and fertility curves for females when sex-specific, fertility-affecting mutations as well as mortality-causing mutations are simulated.

Dashed line: initial female fertility probability. Dotted line: Gompertz-Makeham function used for initial survival probability. Solid line: Average female survival or fertility probability at simulation end. Panel A, Model AP – solid line, right-facing arrowheads: fertility; solid line, left-facing arrowheads: survival. Panel B, Model YF – solid line, right-facing arrowheads: fertility; solid line, left-facing arrowheads: survival. Bars under the figure indicate age classes allowed to mate. Population size was held constant at 1000 males and 1000 females.