PROCFish/C - Socio-Economic survey 2007 - Cook Island

Abstract
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The coastal component of the Pacific Regional Coastal Fisheries Development Programme (CoFish) conducted fieldwork in four locations around Cook Islands in February and October 2007. Cook Islands is one of 17 Pacific Island countries and territories being surveyed over a 5–6 year period by CoFish or its associated programme PROCFish/C (Pacific Regional Oceanic and Coastal Fisheries Development Programme).

The aim of the survey work was to provide baseline information on the status of reef fisheries, and to help fill the massive information gap that hinders the effective management of reef fisheries.

Other programme outputs include:
• implementation of the first comprehensive multi-country comparative assessment of reef fisheries (finfish, invertebrates and socioeconomics) ever undertaken in the Pacific Islands region using identical methodologies at each site;
• dissemination of country reports that comprise a set of ‘reef fisheries profiles’ for the sites in each country in order to provide information for coastal fisheries development and management planning;
• development of a set of indicators (or reference points to fishery status) to provide guidance when developing local and national reef fishery management plans and monitoring programmes; and
• development of data and information management systems, including regional and national databases.

Survey work in Cook Islands covered three disciplines (finfish, invertebrate and socioeconomic) in each site, with two teams of five programme scientists and several local counterparts from the Ministry of Marine Resources. The fieldwork included capacity building for the local counterparts through instruction on survey methodologies in all three disciplines, including the collection of data and inputting the data into the programme’s database.

In Cook Islands, the four sites selected for the survey were Aitutaki, Palmerston, Mangaia and Rarotonga.

Geographic coverage
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In Cook Islands, the four sites selected for the survey were Aitutaki, Palmerston, Mangaia and Rarotonga.

Analysis unit
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Household and Individual (Finfish fishers; Invertebrate fishers; Key informants; Shop owners).

Universe
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The survey covered de jure household members. All household members responding the "Finfishers" and "Invertebrate fishers" questionnaires must be aged 15 years and over and must be living in the household surveyed.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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At each site the extent of the community to be covered by the socioeconomic survey is determined by the size, nature and use of the fishing grounds. This selection process is highly dependent on local marine tenure rights. For example, in the case of community-owned fishing rights, a fishing community includes all villages that have access to a particular fishing ground. If the fisheries of all the villages concerned are comparable, one or two villages may be selected as representative samples, and consequently surveyed. Results will then be extrapolated to include all villages accessing the same fishing grounds under the same marine tenure system.

Most of the households included in the survey are chosen by simple random selection, as are the finfish and invertebrate fishers associated with any of these households. In addition, important participants in one or several particular fisheries may be selected for complementary surveying. Random sampling is used to provide an average and representative picture of the fishery situation in each community, including those who do not fish, those engaged in finfish and/or invertebrate fishing for subsistence, and those engaged in fishing activities on a small-scale artisanal basis. This assumption applies provided that selected communities are mostly traditional, relatively small (~100-300 households) and (from a socioeconomic point of view) largely homogenous. Similarly, gender and participation patterns (types of fishers by gender and fishery) revealed through the surveys are assumed to be representative of the entire community. Accordingly, harvest figures reported by male and female fishers participating in a community's various fisheries may be extrapolated to assess the impacts resulting from the entire community, sample size permitting (at least 25-30% of all households).

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The questionnaires are designed to allow a minimum dataset to be developed for each site, one that allows:
• the community’s dependency on marine resources to be characterised;
• assessment of the community’s engagement in and the possible impact of finfish and invertebrate harvesting; and
• comparison of socioeconomic information with data collected through PROCFish/C resource surveys.

The questionnaires are divided into 4 main areas:
-Household Survey => incorporating demographics, selected socioeconomic parameters and consumption patterns;
-Survey of fishers (finfish and invertebrate) => incorporating data by habitat and/or specific fishery;
-A general questionnaire targeting key informants => the purpose of which is to assess the overall characteristics of the site's fisheries;
-Finfish and invertebrate marketing questionnaires => that target agents, middlemen or buyers/sellers (shops and markets).

In addition to the questionnaires, two sets of size charts are provided to help assess the weight of fish and invertebrates caught and consumed. This is necessary as most village fishers do not use kilograms but local units of measure (heaps, plastic bags, strings, baskets, etc.), which are difficult to translate into kilogram weights.

Data collection is performed using a standard set of questionnaires developed by PROCFish/C’s socioeconomic component, which include a household survey (key socioeconomic parameters and consumption patterns), finfish fisheries survey, invertebrate fisheries survey, marketing of finfish survey, marketing of invertebrates survey, and general information questionnaire (for key informants). In addition, further observations and relevant details are noted and recorded in a non-standardised format.
Questionnaires are fully structured and closed, although open questions may be added on a case-to-case situation.

Cleaning operations
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A software programme (SEMCoS) has been developed in tandem with this manual to assist in automatically performing all necessary analysis and producing outputs for the data collected.

摘要
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太平洋区域沿海渔业发展计划（CoFish）的沿海组成部分于2007年2月和10月在库克群岛的四个地点进行了实地调查。库克群岛是CoFish或其相关项目PROCFish/C（太平洋区域海洋和沿海渔业发展计划）在5至6年期间调查的17个太平洋岛国和地区之一。
调查工作的目的是提供有关珊瑚礁渔业状况的基础信息，并有助于填补阻碍珊瑚礁渔业有效管理的巨大信息差距。
其他项目成果包括：
• 在太平洋岛屿地区首次实施的综合多国比较评估珊瑚礁渔业（鱼类、无脊椎动物和经济社会）的全面评估，每个地点均采用相同的方法；
• 分发国家报告，包括每个国家的“珊瑚礁渔业概况”，以提供沿海渔业发展和管理规划的信息；
• 制定一系列指标（或渔业状况的参考点）以提供制定地方和国家珊瑚礁渔业管理计划及监测计划的指导；
• 开发数据和信息管理系统，包括区域和国家数据库。
在库克群岛，每个地点的调查涵盖了三个学科（鱼类、无脊椎动物和经济社会），由两支五人项目科学家团队和来自海洋资源部的几位当地同行组成。实地工作包括通过在所有三个学科中传授调查方法、收集数据和将数据输入项目数据库，对当地同行进行能力建设。
在库克群岛，选定的四个调查地点为艾图塔基、帕默斯顿、马加亚和拉罗汤加。
地理覆盖范围
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在库克群岛，选定的四个调查地点为艾图塔基、帕默斯顿、马加亚和拉罗汤加。
分析单元
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家庭和个人（鱼类捕捞者；无脊椎动物捕捞者；关键信息提供者；店主）。
总体
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调查涵盖了法定家庭成员。所有回答“鱼类捕捞者”和“无脊椎动物捕捞者”问卷的家庭成员必须年满15岁，并且必须居住在所调查的家庭中。
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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在每个地点，社会经济调查要覆盖的社区范围由渔场的规模、性质和使用情况确定。此选择过程高度依赖于当地的海洋使用权。例如，在社区拥有的捕鱼权的情况下，一个捕鱼社区包括所有有权进入特定渔场的村庄。如果相关村庄的渔业具有可比性，可以选择一个或两个村庄作为代表性样本，并对其进行调查。然后，结果将外推以包括在同一海洋使用权制度下有权进入相同渔场的所有村庄。
调查中包括的大多数家庭是通过简单随机选择确定的，与这些家庭相关的鱼类和无脊椎动物捕捞者也是如此。此外，可能被选为特定渔业的重要参与者也可能被选为补充调查。使用随机抽样提供每个社区的渔业状况的平均和代表性图像，包括不捕鱼的人、从事鱼类和/或无脊椎动物捕捞以维持生计的人，以及以小规模手工艺方式从事捕鱼活动的人。这一假设适用于所选社区主要是传统的、相对较小的（约100-300个家庭），并且从经济社会角度来看，在很大程度上是同质的。同样，通过调查揭示的性别和参与模式（按性别和渔业类型的捕鱼者类型）被假定为整个社区的代表性。因此，男性捕鱼者和女性捕鱼者报告的收获量可以外推以评估整个社区的影响，前提是样本量允许（至少25-30%的所有家庭）。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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问卷的设计允许为每个地点开发一个最小数据集，该数据集允许：
• 描述社区对海洋资源的依赖性；
• 评估社区参与鱼类和无脊椎动物捕捞的可能影响；
• 将经济社会信息与通过PROCFish/C资源调查收集的数据进行比较。
问卷分为4个主要领域：
- 家庭调查 => 包括人口统计学、选定的经济社会参数和消费模式；
- 捕鱼者调查（鱼类和无脊椎动物）=> 包括栖息地和/或特定渔业的资料；
- 针对关键信息提供者的通用问卷 => 目的是评估地点渔业的整体特征；
- 鱼类和无脊椎动物营销问卷 => 针对代理人、中间商或买家/卖家（商店和市场）。
除了问卷外，还提供两套尺寸图表，以帮助评估捕获和消费的鱼类和无脊椎动物重量。这是必要的，因为大多数村庄捕鱼者不使用千克，而是使用当地单位（堆、塑料袋、绳子、篮子等），这些单位难以转换为千克重量。
数据收集使用由PROCFish/C经济社会部分开发的标准化问卷集进行，包括家庭调查（关键经济社会参数和消费模式）、鱼类渔业调查、无脊椎动物渔业调查、鱼类营销调查、无脊椎动物营销调查和一般信息问卷（针对关键信息提供者）。此外，还以非标准化格式记录和记录了进一步的观察和相关细节。
问卷完全结构化和封闭，尽管在具体情况中可能添加开放式问题。
数据清理操作
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开发了与该手册同步的软件程序（SEMCoS），以协助自动执行所有必要的分析并生成收集到的数据的输出。