Recent findings in human samples and animal models support the involvement of inflammation in the development of Parkinson’s disease. Nevertheless, it is currently unknown whether microglial activatio
Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is a common consequence of prolonged pharmacotherapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). While LID becomes more common with long term exposure to levodopa, its development
Parkinson’s disease (PD) as a progressive neurodegenerative disorder arises from multiple genetic and environmental factors. However, underlying pathological mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using
Immune dysregulation is increasingly recognized as a key contributor to Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. While microglia are established central nervous system (CNS) immune regulators, the role
