Fermented red ginseng restores age-associated insulin homeostasis dysregulation and gut microbiome balance in mice

This study aimed to investigate the potential role of fermented red ginseng (FRG) in mitigating age-associated disruptions in insulin homeostasis and gut microbiome balance using 19-month-old aged male mice. Alongside the improved insulin homeostasis, FRG supplementation activated insulin-related signaling pathways and suppressed proinflammatory cytokines in the liver. In addition, FRG showed a notable influence on the microbial community by restoring the balance between commensal and opportunistic bacteria compromised by aging. Overall, our findings highlight that FRG positively impacts the aging process by preserving insulin homeostasis and gut microbiota equilibrium.