Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) Curves of Water and Ethanol Extracts of Whole Body <i>Apis mellifera jemenitica</i>Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) Curves of Water and Ethanol Extracts of Whole Body Apis mellifera jemenitica

This article explored the chemical constituents of water and ethanol extracts from the whole body of <i>Apis mellifera jemenitica</i> honeybee drones and workers, investigating their effects on glucose tolerance test (GTT) curves through feeding experiments conducted on <i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i> male rabbits. Chemical analysis of the extracts was performed using infrared (IR) spectroscopy alongside the spectral database of organic compounds. The water extract revealed a richer diversity of natural products (38 compounds) compared to the ethanol extract (12 compounds). Notably, the water extract comprised various bioactive molecules, including sugars and their derivatives, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, quinones, amino acid derivatives, dipeptides, and organometallic compounds. In contrast, the ethanol extract primarily contained sugar derivatives, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and pesticides. The water extract transformed the GTT curve from a convex to a concave shape, suggesting that the blood glucose-lowering effect may be attributed to the anti-diabetic properties of its phenolic and alkaloid contents.