Manipulations of arginine vasotocin (AVT), isotocin (IT) and manning compound injected into the cleaner fish Labroides dimidiatus compared with saline (control).

Arrows indicate the effect, relative to saline, on the behaviours of interest: ‘↑’ denotes an increase in display, ‘↓’ a decrease, and ‘↔’ indicates no effect detected).Notes: *In this situation the reasons underlying the decrease in time spent cleaning for both AVT and manning compound treated individuals are quite different to the other situations (labelled with ¥): cleaners injected with AVT decrease their general willingness to interact and spend less time inspecting (cleaning) their visiting clientele. ¥ However, cleaners treated with the antagonist (manning compound) interacted more, switched more frequently from client to client and thus spent less time inspecting clients (see variables).