Anti-nematodal effects of various compounds with known modes of action.

*Values are mean±SD (n = 3). †Each drug was tested over a 0–2 mM concentration range, except controls, which were tested at 0–4 mM (emamectin benzoate, abamectin and levamisol hydrochloride) or 0–50 mM (morantel tartrate,). ‡Since other control chemicals (e.g., emamectin benzoate, abamectin, levamisol hydrochloride) showed extremely low solubility which prevents preparation of the stock solution in DMSO, we were not able to get their LD50 values even at greater than 4 mM of each agent used under this assay condition.