The 1000 m annual carbon density dataset in China from 1990 to 2023

This dataset contains 1000 m gridded carbon density products for China’s terrestrial ecosystems from 1990 to 2023. The products were developed to characterize long-term changes in vegetation and soil carbon density across China under climate and land system change. Carbon density estimates were generated using field-observation-based model development data together with climate and land cover information. The dataset covers four carbon pools and provides annual spatially explicit estimates at a 1 km resolution. These data can be used to examine spatiotemporal patterns of ecosystem carbon density, assess long-term carbon dynamics, and support related studies on terrestrial carbon cycling, climate change, and land system processes in China.