The morphology and phylogeny of the diatom genera <i>Rhizosolenia</i>, <i>Proboscia</i>, <i>Pseudosolenia</i> and <i>Neocalyptrella</i> from Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea, with description of <i>Rhizosolenia loanicola</i> sp. nov., <i>Proboscia siamensis</i> sp. nov. and Probosciales ord. nov.
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The marine planktonic diatom genera <i>Rhizosolenia</i>, <i>Proboscia, Pseudosolenia</i> and <i>Neocalyptrella</i> have been studied with emphasis on morphology and phylogeny. Material was collected October 2008—January 2011 at seven localities in the four provinces of the marine coastal waters of Thailand: Rayong, Chonburi, Chumphon and Phuket. Fifty strains were established in culture and used for morphological and phylogenetic analyses, complemented with morphological studies of field material. Morphological studies were done using light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Ten species and two varieties of <i>Rhizosolenia</i> were identified and described in detail: <i>R. styliformis</i>, <i>R. acuminata</i>, <i>R. bergonii</i>, <i>R. clevei</i> var. <i>clevei</i>, <i>R. clevei</i> var. <i>communis</i>, <i>R. formosa</i>, <i>R. hyalina</i>, <i>R. imbricata</i>, <i>R. ostenfeldii</i>, <i>R.</i> aff. <i>pungens, R. setigera</i> and <i>R. loanicola</i> sp. nov. <i>Pseudosolenia calcaravis</i> was also found, and detailed studies indicated that this taxon formed a species complex. <i>Proboscia</i> was represented by <i>P. indica</i> and <i>P. siamensis</i> sp. nov., but more species probably exist. <i>Neocalyptrella</i> was represented by <i>N. robusta</i>. The molecular studies supported <i>Pseudosolenia</i>, <i>Proboscia</i> and <i>Neocalyptrella</i> as separate genera. Culturing and molecular analyses were often difficult or unsuccessful. The data show that <i>Rhizosolenia</i> can be a monophyletic genus if <i>R. pungens</i> and <i>R. setigera,</i> which are distantly related to the remaining <i>Rhizosolenia</i> species, are described as a new genus. This will be done in a companion study of the type material of <i>R. setigera</i>.
