An image dataset for studying time of day perception in paintings

We have compiled a dataset of 194 images for studying time of day perception in paintings. The images were sourced from the Materials in Painting (materialsinpaintings.tudelft.nl) and National Gallery (nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings) datasets and depict outdoor scenes under varying illumination conditions, ranging from dawn to night. The paintings included in the dataset span the 17th to 20th centuries. The dataset is divided into two groups, each used as stimuli for two online rating experiments. Group 1 comprises 104 images, while Group 2 contains 90 images with metadata indicating the depicted time of day. The metadata includes information about the artist, time period of creation, and other relevant information. All images are licensed under Creative Commons Zero (CC0) except for those from the National Gallery dataset, which are subject to Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC) 4.0. However, users can still access these images directly from the National Gallery dataset using the metadata provided. Our dataset is designed to facilitate research on time of day perception in paintings and improve our understanding of the factors that may influence this perception.<br><strong>File Format</strong>Excel (.xlsx) and ZIP (.zip) files<br><strong>Content Overview</strong><strong>Excel Sheets</strong><strong>(A) List_of_paintings including metadata</strong><strong>(A-1) List_of_paintings_for_Group 1.xlsx</strong>This file contains the list of paintings in Group 1 with their corresponding file names and metadata. The metadata includes information about the artist, the time period in which the painting was created, the location of the collection where the painting is held, and any relevant content of the painting that might be related to the depiction of time of day.<strong>(A-2) List_of_paintings_for_Group 2.xlsx</strong>This file contains the list of paintings in Group 2 with their corresponding file names and metadata. The metadata includes information about the artist, the time period in which the painting was created, the location of the collection where the painting is held, and any relevant content of the painting that might be related to the depiction of time of day.<br><strong>Images</strong><strong>(B) Images of paintings</strong><strong>(B-1) Images of paintings for Group 1.zip</strong>The images in this file belong to Group 1, as denoted by the file name, and comprise a set of paintings available for download in JPG digital format. Please note that images originally sourced from the National Gallery dataset are not included here, and users should download them directly from the National Gallery website at nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings.<strong>(B-2) Images of paintings for Group 2.zip</strong>This file includes a set of images of paintings that are part of Group 2, as indicated by its name. These images can be downloaded in a JPG digital format.<br><strong>Usage Notes</strong>This dataset is intended for academic research purposes.Please cite the dataset as follows: Yu, C. (2023). An image dataset for studying time of day perception in paintings. 4TU. ResearchData, https://doi.org/10.4121/22154798.<strong> </strong><strong>Funding</strong>H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (H2020-MSCA-ITN-2017) “DyViTo: Dynamics in Vision and Touch,” project number 765121.The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, VIDI project “Visual communication of material properties,” project number 276.54.001.<strong> </strong><strong>Contact Information</strong>Cehao Yu, [e-mail]<strong> </strong><strong>References</strong>Yu, C., Van Zuijlen, M. J. P., Spoiala, C., Pont, S. C., Wijntjes, M. W. A., &amp; Hurlbert, A. (2023). Time-of-day perception in paintings. Journal of Vision, 0(0):08633, 1–27, https://doi.org/10.1167/jov.0.0.08633.Yu, C., Van Zuijlen, M. J., Spoiala, C., Pont, S. C., Wijntjes, M., &amp; Hurlbert, A. (2023, August 24). Time of day perception in paintings. PsyArXiv Preprints. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/7xyrn.

本数据集共收录194幅图像，用于研究绘画作品中的时段感知问题。图像源自《Materials in Painting》（materialsinpaintings.tudelft.nl）与英国国家美术馆（National Gallery，nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings）数据集，均展现了从黎明至夜间的不同光照条件下的户外场景。本数据集收录的绘画作品创作时间跨度为17世纪至20世纪。

本数据集分为两组，分别作为两项在线评分实验的刺激材料。第一组包含104幅图像，第二组则包含90幅带元数据的图像，其元数据标注了图像所描绘的时段。元数据包含创作者、创作年代以及其他相关信息。

除英国国家美术馆数据集的图像需遵循知识共享署名-非商业性使用4.0国际协议（Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0，CC BY-NC 4.0）外，其余图像均采用知识共享零协议（Creative Commons Zero，CC0）授权。不过用户仍可通过提供的元数据，直接从英国国家美术馆数据集获取对应图像。

本数据集旨在推动绘画时段感知相关研究，加深我们对影响该感知的各类因素的理解。

**文件格式**
Excel（.xlsx）与ZIP（.zip）压缩归档文件

**内容概览**
**电子表格文件**
**(A) 含元数据的绘画作品列表**
**(A-1) List_of_paintings_for_Group 1.xlsx**
本文件收录第一组绘画作品的列表，包含对应文件名与元数据。元数据涵盖创作者、创作年代、馆藏机构位置，以及与绘画时段描绘相关的各类内容信息。
**(A-2) List_of_paintings_for_Group 2.xlsx**
本文件收录第二组绘画作品的列表，包含对应文件名与元数据。元数据涵盖创作者、创作年代、馆藏机构位置，以及与绘画时段描绘相关的各类内容信息。

**图像文件**
**(B) 绘画作品图像**
**(B-1) Images of paintings for Group 1.zip**
本压缩包内的图像属于第一组，文件名已标注相关信息，均为可下载的JPG格式数字图像。请注意，源自英国国家美术馆数据集的图像未包含在此处，用户需通过nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings直接从英国国家美术馆官网下载。
**(B-2) Images of paintings for Group 2.zip**
本压缩包收录第二组绘画作品图像，文件名已标注相关信息，均为可下载的JPG格式数字图像。

**使用说明**
本数据集仅用于学术研究用途。引用本数据集的格式如下：Yu, C. (2023). An image dataset for studying time of day perception in paintings. 4TU. ResearchData, https://doi.org/10.4121/22154798.

**资助信息**
本项目得到欧盟地平线2020计划玛丽·居里学者行动（H2020-MSCA-ITN-2017）“DyViTo：视觉与触觉动力学”（项目编号765121），以及荷兰科学研究组织VIDI项目“视觉材料属性传达”（项目编号276.54.001）的资助。

**联系方式**
Cehao Yu，电子邮箱：[e-mail]

**参考文献**
1. Yu, C., Van Zuijlen, M. J. P., Spoiala, C., Pont, S. C., Wijntjes, M. W. A., & Hurlbert, A. (2023). Time-of-day perception in paintings. *Journal of Vision*, 0(0):08633, 1–27, https://doi.org/10.1167/jov.0.0.08633.
2. Yu, C., Van Zuijlen, M. J., Spoiala, C., Pont, S. C., Wijntjes, M., & Hurlbert, A. (2023, August 24). Time of day perception in paintings. PsyArXiv Preprints. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/7xyrn.