Pesticide exposure triggers sex-specific inter- and trans-generational effects conditioned by past sexual selection

Environmental variation often induces plastic responses in organisms that can trigger changes in subsequent generations through non-genetic inheritance mechanisms. Such transgenerational plasticity thus consists of environmentally-induced non-random phenotypic modifications that are transmitted through generations. Transgenerational effects may vary according to the sex of the organism experiencing the environmental perturbation, the sex of their descendants, or both, but whether they are affected by past sexual selection is unknown. Here we use experimental evolution on an insect model system to conduct a first test of the involvement of sexual selection history in shaping transgenerational plasticity in the face of rapid environmental change (exposure to pesticides). We manipulated evolutionary history in terms of the intensity of sexual selection for over 80 generations before exposing individuals to the toxicant. We found that sexual selection history constrained adaptation under ra..., We tested, using the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, if divergent regimes of sexual selection (after 84 generations of continued selection) modulate transgenerational plasticity in response to environmental stress (pesticide exposure). The experimental design hence consisted of a 2 x 2 design in which we crossed the two selection regimes (monogamous, henceforth Mono, or polygamous, henceforth Poly) with exposure/lack thereof of non-lethal concentration of pesticide. Before beetles were subjected to environmental stress treatment, the different selection lines underwent two generations of common garden breeding. Common garden breeding was carried out, first by duplicating the number of inoculated beans collected from each line to give rise to the next generation, and then by establishing a spare set of eight populations that were all bred under polygamous conditions for two generations, while maintaining the selection experiment with the original populations. After those two common..., , # Pesticide exposure triggers sex-specific inter- and trans-generational effects conditioned by past sexual selection

[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2280gb615](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2280gb615)

## Description of the data and file structure

Legend for the variables in the Excel file:

* generation: Three generations, F0, F1 and F2.
* id f0, id f1, id f2: These columns correspond to the identities of the individuals in generations F0, F1, and F2, respectively
* Parent exposed: corresponds to the sex to the individual exposed to treatment in F0 generation. m=male and f = female
* Sex focal: corresponds to the sex of the focal individual of that generation
* Pesticide treatment corresponds to the levels of pesticide used in the experiment. c = control and p = 2g/L pesticide
* Mating system corresponds to the evolutionary history of the beetles regarding sexual selection. poly = polygamous history and mono = monogamous history
* line: selection line, 1-4 monogamous and 1-4 polygamo...