Dloop and tnfa II sequences from Vesta stream brown trout, Italy. Vesta brown trout

Mitochondrial dloop and nuclear tnfa II sequences were sequenced from brown trout collected in the Vesta stream (Italian Alps), situated in the middle of a Pleistocene, ice free refugia area east of the lake Garda. Haplotypes belonging to the native Adriatic lineage were mixed with other from the Atlantic and, less, from Marble lineages, while Approximate Bayesian Analysis indicated as most probable a past introgression of introduced, Atlantic brown trout, into a native Adriatic population living into the Vesta stream. These results argue in favor of a past natural presence of brown trout in the Italian Alps, in particular in ice free refugia areas, which have been almost completely wiped out by the massive and extensive introduction of Atlantic hatchery stocks.