Analysing the intercalation mechanism of Na⁺ in vanadium-based materials in an aqueous zinc electrolyte for Na–Zn hybrid batteries

The main objective of this project is to elucidate the co-intercalation mechanism of Zn²⁺ and Na⁺ ions in vanadium-based electrode materials for Zn–Na hybrid batteries by performing in-situ XRD studies. Specifically, we will systematically investigate the structural and electrochemical signatures of V₃O₇·H₂O as a function of Na⁺ concentration in the aqueous Zn electrolyte. In addition, we will study Na-preintercalated V₃O₇·H₂O to determine whether battery performance depends on whether Na⁺ is supplied by the electrolyte or electrode. In this context, we aim to perform operando XRD at BM01 to track structural changes during cell operation in real time. This knowledge will advance the fundamental understanding of ion functionality in hybrid batteries and support the development of safe and sustainable systems.