Female and focal male Bateman gradients.

Estimate ± SE (p-value) are shown. Female estimates of the Bateman gradient are extracted from the univariate model. Male Bateman gradients, paternity share gradients and mate productivity gradients are extracted from the multivariate models. L–Large body size; S–Small body size. Bold–p-value ≤ 0.05. HomL–Homogeneous Large; HomS–Homogeneous Small; HetL–Heterogeneous Large, HetS–Heterogeneous Small, Het–Heterogeneous (combined large and small). The Female Experiment–varying female body size; The Male Experiment–varying male body size and the Female -Male Experiment–varying both female and male body size.