Upstream, Downstream: Diffusion and Impacts of the Universal Product Code
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We study the adoption, diffusion, and impacts of the Universal Product Code (UPC) between 1975 and 1992, during the initial years of the barcode system. We find evidence of network effects in the diffusion process. Matched-sample difference-in-difference estimates show that firm size and trademark
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美国国家经济研究局创建时间：
2017-11-01
