Raw data

The <b>country.csv</b> file contains two-letter ISO country codes for all nations included in the study. It provides a consistent key for merging country-level data from different sources.The <b>ESS9_subset.csv</b> file is derived from:<br><b>European Social Survey European Research Infrastructure (ESS ERIC). (2023). </b><b><i>ESS9 - integrated file, edition 3.2</i></b><b> [Data set]. Sikt – Norwegian Agency for Shared Services in Education and Research.</b> https://doi.org/10.21338/ess9e03_2<br>This dataset includes micro-level data on individuals from multiple European countries, covering social attitudes, values, and behaviors. The subset version retains only the variables and observations relevant to the current research.The <b>Gelfand.xlsx</b> file is based on: Michele J. Gelfand et al. ,Differences Between Tight and Loose Cultures: A 33-Nation Study. <i>Science </i>332,1100-1104(2011).The <b>Uz.xlsx</b> file is drawn from: Uz, I. (2015). The index of cultural tightness and looseness among 68 countries. <i>Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46</i>(3), 319–335.The <b>PRV2003</b><b>.xlsx</b> file is drawn from: Gächter, S., Schulz, J. Intrinsic honesty and the prevalence of rule violations across societies. <i>Nature </i>531, 496–499 (2016).<b>Note on data use:</b> For all datasets, users must comply with the terms of use specified by each data provider. Where datasets are sourced from third parties, any further distribution or publication of derived results must respect the original data licenses and, where applicable, obtain appropriate permissions from the relevant third‑party rights holders.