AP induction, cytotoxicity, ER binding, and ERE-luciferase induction of licorice, hops and their isolated compounds.^a

aValues are expressed as the mean ± SD of n determinations. Experimental details are described in the Materials and Methods section. b Values are expressed in µg/mL for extracts and µM for isolated compounds. c Fold inductions tested at 10 µg/mL for extracts (hops at 2 µg/mL) and 100 nM for the isolated compounds where DMSO was set to 1. d Ratio of the sum of the firefly and renilla luminescences. e N/A, not active. i J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 6246–6253. jJ. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 2472–2479.