Transcription factors are speculated to play crucial roles in adaptive evolution. Here we investigated how essential transcription factors (eTFs) change using ortholog replacement assays. Several orth
The extreme length of chromosomal DNA requires organizing mechanisms to both promote functional genetic interactions and ensure faithful chromosome segregation when cells divide. Microscopy and genome
Genomes are organised into DNA loops by the Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) proteins. SMCs establish functional chromosomal sub-domains for DNA repair, gene expression and chromosome segre
Human lymphoblastoid cell lines harvested for metaphase chromosomes were hybridized with single copy (sc) probes from indicated GRCh37 genomic coordinates. Concentrations of each treatment, optimized
Transmission electron micrograph showing part of a decondensed mitotic chromosome. The residual protein 'scaffold' (at bottom) is surrounded by a 'halo' of DNA loops 20 to 24 micrometers long. The en