Multi-kingdom profiling reveals altered gut phage-bacteria-metabolite interactions in MASLD

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is increasingly linked to gut microbial dysbiosis. To date, most studies have been limited to bacterial taxa, neglecting viruses and fungi, and their interactions. Here we performed shotgun metagenomic and ITS2 sequencing on fecal samples from clinically diagnosed MASLD patients and age- and gender-matched healthy controls recruited. Multi-kingdom microbial profiles were integrated with fecal metabolites and clinical parameters to assess their roles in MASLD.