In the field of financial risk management, the accuracy of portfolio Value-at-Risk (VaR) forecasts is of critical importance to both practitioners and academics. This study pioneers a comprehensive ev
Statistic: parameter of the data distribution used to define the states; scaling: proportion between consecutive range windows; si: i-th state (discrete); raw data: water-surface area (A) after image
In the context of digitization, the insurance industry’s value chain is undergoing significant shifts. However, the existing research on its comprehension and measurement remains relatively limited. T
