Survivorship curves for females when mortality-causing mutations are simulated.

Dashed line: fixed female fertility probability. Dotted line: Gompertz-Makeham function used for initial survival probability. Solid line (with triangles in panel A and squares in panel B): Average female survival probability at simulation end. Panel A, model AP, with male and female mating allowed at all age classes after the second. Panel B, model YP, with male and female mating restricted to younger ages. Bars under the figure indicate age classes allowed to mate. Population size was held constant at 1000 males and 1000 females.