<p>Recognition of a dog’s possible behavioural pain signs in participants with and without a previous painful experience. Mann-Whitney U tests indicate differences per possible behavioural pain sign between 647 participants of which 363 indicated to have previously suffered a painful accident, illness and/or treatment and 261 indicated to have not previously suffered such an event (N = 23 missing values; P < 0.003 regarded as significant and P < 0.05 regarded as a trend).</p>

Recognition of a dog’s possible behavioural pain signs in participants with and without a previous painful experience. Mann-Whitney U tests indicate differences per possible behavioural pain sign between 647 participants of which 363 indicated to have previously suffered a painful accident, illness and/or treatment and 261 indicated to have not previously suffered such an event (N = 23 missing values; P < 0.003 regarded as significant and P < 0.05 regarded as a trend).