Athletic Involvement Study (of Students in a Northeastern University in the United States), 2006

The Athletic Involvement Study interviewed 795 students in a large public university in the Northeastern United States to explore how or if participation in sports affects people's health-risk behavior. About a quarter of the sample did not report any participation in a sport during high school or college and no primary sport designation. For those who did identify with a sport there were five predictor areas of interest: (1) scales measuring strength of jock identity; (2) strength of athlete identity; (3) goal orientation in sport; (4) primary sport ratings; and (5) conformity to masculine norms.