Dataset: Climate Trends in São Paulo and Rio Grande do Norte (1990–2024) — Temperature, Precipitation, and Solar Radiation

This dataset supports the M.Sc. thesis "Study of Temperature, Precipitation, and Solar Radiation Trends in the States of São Paulo and Rio Grande do Norte (1990–2024)", developed at the University of São Paulo (USP). The repository includes processed datasets, analysis outputs, and Python scripts used to perform climatological trend analysis over a 35-year period (1990–2024) for two Brazilian states with contrasting climate regimes: São Paulo (humid subtropical/tropical) and Rio Grande do Norte (semiarid). Data sources: ERA5-Land (temperature), CHIRPS (precipitation), CLARA-A3 and GOES-16 (solar radiation), INMET and ANA ground stations (validation), and MapBiomas Collection 9 (land use and land cover). Methods: Cross-validation via Orthogonal Distance Regression (ODR); seasonal climatological normals (1990–2024); Mann-Kendall trend test; Sen's slope estimator; spatial trend mapping; land cover change analysis; and linear regression between land surface cover fractions and climate variables.