Environmental complexity; a buffer against stress in the domestic chick.

We explore the hypothesis that provision of a complex
environment during early life, better prepares birds to cope with stressful
events as well as buffers them against future unpredictable stressful episodes.
In this study, 96 one day old pullets were randomly distributed in eight pens
(12 birds/pen). Half of the chicks (N=48) were assigned to a Complex Environment
(CENV: with perches, a dark brooder etc.) the others to a Simple Environment (SENV:
without enrichment features). Half of the birds from each of these treatments
were assigned to a No Stress (NSTR, 33ºC) or to an acute Cold Stress (CSTR,
18-20ºC) treatment during six hours on their second day of life. At four weeks
of age, chicks with these four different backgrounds were exposed to an
Intermittent Stressful Challenges
Protocol (ISCP). In an immunological test, indicative of proinflammatory status
Phytohemagglutinin-P
(PHA-P), the response of
CSTR birds was ameliorated by rearing chicks in a CENV, as they had a similar
response to NSTR chicks and a significantly better pro-inflammatory response
than those CSTR birds reared in a SENV (five days after the CSTR treatment was
applied). A similar better response when coping with new challenges (the ISCP)
was observed in birds reared in a CENV compared to those from a SENV. Birds reared
in the CENV had a lower H/L ratio (after the ISCP) than birds reared in SENV,
independently of whether or not they had been exposed to CSTR early in life. No
effects of stress on general behaviour were detected, however, the provision of
a CENV increased resting behaviour, which may have favoured stress recover.
Additionally, we found that exposure to cold stress at an early age might have rendered
birds more vulnerable to future stressful events. CSTR birds had lower humoral
immune responses (sheep red blood cells induced antibodies) after ISCP and
started using elevated structures in the CENV later compared to their NSTR
conspecifics. Our study reflects the importance of the early provision of a CENV
in commercial conditions to reduce negative stress-related effects and improve
welfare related indicators.

[I1]What do you prefer indicators or variables?