Rattus norvegicus Raw sequence reads. Rattus norvegicus

Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) represents a prevalent and clinically relevant ear disorder. This condition is characterized by a sustained infection within the middle ear, accompanied by a tympanic membrane that, while intact, may be perforated or otherwise compromised. It is indicative of a chronic inflammatory process affecting both the middle ear and the mastoid cavity. The hallmark presentation of CSOM is the presence of chronic or persistent ear discharge through a perforated tympanic membrane, which endures for a duration exceeding 2 to 6 weeks. The eustachian tube is integral to the pathology of this condition, as eustachian tube dysfunction is observed in approximately 70% of individuals undergoing surgical intervention for middle ear issues. Dysfunction of the eustachian tube leads to a disruption in the pressure balance within the middle ear and compromises its ventilation.This disruption ultimately leads to the emergence of the typical symptoms associated with the disease. Moreover, CSOM is the leading cause of permanent hearing loss among children in developing countries . Data shows that macrophages play a key role in CSOM-mediated sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Children who are susceptible to otitis media (OM) often exhibit an exaggerated inflammatory response, which contributes to the onset of chronic otitis media (COM) and its complications, notably hearing loss. The therapeutic choices available for chronic secretory OM are quite restricted. Presently, treatment protocols advocate for a "watch-and-wait" approach instead of pursuing vigorous interventions with antibiotics, corticosteroids, or alternative anti-inflammatory medications. In summary, there exists a significant demand for more focused and efficacious treatment strategies to mitigate or alleviate the pronounced inflammatory response linked with this condition.Bacterial infection is considered the primary cause of CSOM, and the resulting inflammation is characterized by mucosal hyperplasia, effusion, and leukocyte infiltration in the middle ear. Coinfection with both bacterial and viral pathogens represents a more common form of CSOM. Inflammation represents a complex physiological reaction to external agents, including pathogenic microorganisms, particulate matter, and viral entities. Based on distinct inflammatory pathways and cellular mechanisms, inflammation is primarily categorized into acute and chronic forms. Recent investigations have highlighted inflammation as a significant contributor to the advancement of various chronic conditions.Therefore, it can be inferred that inflammatory mediators play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of CSOM and cholesteatoma by sustaining both systemic and localized inflammatory responses .In conclusion, inflammation is a key contributor to otitis media (OM); however, the specific molecular mechanisms through which it influences chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) are not yet fully understood.In this study, we utilized Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, which exhibit strong immune capabilities and maintain hearing for at least two years, to construct a CSOM rat model by perforating the tympanic membrane and inoculating with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). By integrating bioinformatics approaches with experimental validation, our objective was to pinpoint crucial immune-related genes implicated in the regulation of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), clarify their underlying molecular mechanisms, and forecast possible therapeutic agents for CSOM. This research endeavors to establish a theoretical basis aimed at enhancing the clinical treatment outcomes associated with this condition.