Gene expression linked to competitive performance in fighting cocks

Researchers have long studied roosters' fighting abilities and the genes affecting their performance. Research has explored the genetic links between aggression and muscle traits, but their connection to competitive success remains unexplored. This study evaluated genome-wide gene expression profiles in Burmese fighting cocks (Gallus gallus domesticus) with high- and low-performing competition records, linking gene activity to competitive outcomes. Using RNA sequencing of mRNA extracted from feather calami tips, this study compared 12 roosters: six high performers and six low performers. We identified 441 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 163 upregulated and 278 downregulated genes in the high-performing group compared with the low-performing group. The genes SYNPO2, MYLK, and CSRP1, linked to muscle development, were upregulated in high-performing cocks, while CNTNAP2 and GFRA4, involved in neuronal processes, were downregulated. Functional enrichment analysis of DEGs revealed pathways related to anatomical structure development, muscle structure, cell signaling, and extracellular matrix. These findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of successful cock fighting, highlighting enhanced muscular capabilities and modified neural pathways. This study underscores the potential for using these identified genetic markers in selective breeding programs to enhance desirable competitive traits in fighting cocks, offering a deeper understanding of the genotype-phenotype correlation in complex performance traits.