dataset of manuscript

In this paper, we argue that targeted or so-called smart sanctions have advantages to produce better outcomes than comprehensive sanctions under certain conditions. Considering that non-democratic leader has strong incentives to use private goods to gain and retain political supports, targeted sanctioning tools, which target private goods of leaders or policy makers, are likely to be effective against non-democratic targets. Using TIES data set that ranges from 1945 to 2005, we show that targeted sanctions are more likely to generate concessions of target countries compared with comprehensive conventional sanctions, when imposed on non-democratic targets. Moreover, targeted sanctions against non-democratic targets are more likely to mitigate negative humanitarian impacts caused by sanctions. Against democratic targets whose leaders prefer public goods to gain support from the public, however, targeted sanctions fail to show significant effects.