The spectrum of overlapping anti-NMDAR encephalitis and demyelinating syndromes: a systematic review of presentation, diagnosis, management, and outcomes

Anti-NMDAR encephalitis frequently overlaps with demyelinating diseases (MOGAD, NMOSD, MS), creating complex syndromes with diverse presentations and challenging management. Systematic search of databases including MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science up to March 2024 for studies on co-existing anti-NMDAR encephalitis and demyelinating syndromes. Data extracted on clinical characteristics, diagnostics, treatments, and outcomes. Twenty-five studies identified 256 patients (16.2%) with co-existing Anti-NMDAR encephalitis and demyelinating syndromes, primarily MOGAD (94.5%), with fewer cases involving NMOSD or MS. The Anti-NMDAR + MOGAD subgroup exhibited seizures (51–72.7%), psychiatric symptoms (45.5–71.4%), cognitive dysfunction (30.6%), and movement disorders (30.6%). All patients had CSF anti-NMDAR antibodies, with MOG (60%) or AQP4 (25%) antibodies. Use of standardized, cell-based assays and adherence to established criteria are essential to avoid false positives, particularly for MOG. MRI abnormalities were seen in 75% of patients. First-line immunotherapies were effective in 70% of cases; 80% of refractory cases responded to second-line therapies. Anti-NMDAR encephalitis overlapping with demyelinating diseases is challenging. Tailored treatments based on detailed immune profiles are key to better outcomes.