Island Habitat (Southeast Blueprint Indicator)

Reason for Selection Islands provide important habitat for many species, including birds, sea turtles, mammals, insects, and plants. Their relative isolation from disturbance and mainland predators can make them important breeding habitat for coastal birds and sea turtles (as represented by piping plover and loggerhead sea turtle). Their unique ecology and isolation can also make them important habitat for some mammals, plants and insects that are only found on islands (as represented by Cape Sable thoroughwort, Florida semaphore cactus, silver rice rat, and Bartram’s hairstreak butterfly). As a barrier that can protect the mainland from major storms, they also help protect ecosystems and human communities from extreme weather events. The critical habitat included in this indicator refers to areas with specific physical or biological features that are essential to conserving a federally threatened or endangered species and may require special management or protection. Input Data Base Blueprint 2022 extent Southeast Blueprint 2023 extent Island boundaries from the Global Island Explorer provided by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and Esri, accessed 5-13-2022 (note: USGS Global Islands data have been updated since this release; access the latest version) Critical habitat provided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Survey, accessed 6-23-2022 Mapping Steps Clip the Global Island Explorer data to the Base Blueprint 2022 extent and merge small and large islands. From the critical habitat data (CRITHAB_POLY.shp), select the following species based on ‘comname’: piping plover, loggerhead sea turtle, Cape Sable thoroughwort, Florida semaphore cactus, silver rice rat, Bartram’s hairstreak butterfly. Clip the critical habitat for the selected species to the merged islands layer. Convert the islands and selected species data to raster and clip to the spatial extent of Base Blueprint 2022. Add zero values to help users better understand the extent of this indicator and to make it perform better in online tools. Buffer the island shapefile by 40 km to make a continuous buffer along the coast, with no gaps. Use this to create a raster of zeros for that buffer. Combine rasters so parts of islands with selected species critical habitat get a value of 2, other island pixels get a value of 1, and all other areas in the buffer described above get a value of 0. As a final step, clip to the spatial extent of Southeast Blueprint 2023. Note: For more details on the mapping steps, code used to create this layer is available in the Southeast Blueprint Data Download under > 6_Code. Final indicator values Indicator values are assigned as follows: 2 = Island critical habitat for any of six threatened and endangered species (piping plover, loggerhead sea turtle, Cape Sable thoroughwort, Florida semaphore cactus, silver rice rat, or Bartram’s hairstreak butterfly) 1 = Other island area 0 = Not a coastal island Known Issues This indicator underestimates piping plover critical habitat in parts of the Chandeleur Islands off the coast of Louisiana. Locations of barrier islands can be highly dynamic, and the island boundaries and critical habitat data did not agree on the locations of some parts of the islands. Disclaimer: Comparing with Older Indicator Versions There are numerous problems with using Southeast Blueprint indicators for change analysis. Please consult Blueprint staff if you would like to do this (email [e-mail]). Literature Cited Sayre, R., S. Noble, S. Hamann, R. Smith, D. Wright, S. Breyer, K. Butler, K. Van Graafeiland, C. Frye, D. Karagulle, D. Hopkins, D. Stephens, K. Kelly, Z, basher, D. Burton, J. Cress, K. Atkins, D. van Sistine, B. Friesen, B. Allee, T. Allen, P. Aniello, I Asaad, M. Costello, K. Goodin, P. Harris, M. Kavanaugh, H. Lillis, E. Manca, F. Muller-Karger, B. Nyberg, R. Parsons, J. Saarinen, J. Steiner, and A. Reed. 2018. A new 30 meter resolution global shoreline vector and associated global islands database for the development of standardized global ecological coastal units. Journal of Operational Oceanography–A Special Blue Planet Edition. [https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2018.1529714]. U.S. Geological Survey and Esri. Global Island Explorer. Accessed May 13, 2022. [https://rmgsc.cr.usgs.gov/gie/]. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Critical Habitat. Accessed June 23, 2022. [https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/report/table/critical-habitat.html].选择理由 岛屿为诸多物种提供了重要栖息地，涵盖鸟类、海龟、哺乳类、昆虫与植物。其相对隔绝的环境与不受大陆捕食者干扰的特性，使其成为海岸鸟类与海龟的关键繁殖栖息地（以笛鸻（piping plover）和蠵龟（loggerhead sea turtle）为代表）。独特的生态系统与地理隔绝性，也为仅分布于岛屿的部分哺乳类、植物与昆虫提供了重要栖息场所，代表物种包括萨布尔角泽兰（Cape Sable thoroughwort）、佛罗里达旗柱仙人掌（Florida semaphore cactus）、银稻鼠（silver rice rat）以及巴特拉姆灰蝶（Bartram’s hairstreak butterfly）。此外，岛屿作为可抵御大型风暴的屏障，能够保护陆地生态系统与人类社区免受极端天气影响。本指标所包含的关键栖息地，指的是为保护联邦受威胁或濒危物种所必需的特定物理或生物特征区域，此类区域通常需要特殊管理或保护措施。 输入数据 - 2022版基础蓝图空间范围 - 2023版东南部蓝图空间范围 - 由美国地质调查局（U.S. Geological Survey, USGS）与环境系统研究所（Esri）提供的全球岛屿探测器（Global Island Explorer）岛屿边界数据，获取时间为2022年5月13日（注：此版本发布后，USGS全球岛屿数据已更新，请获取最新版本） - 由美国鱼类及野生动物管理局（U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, USFWS）提供的关键栖息地数据，获取时间为2022年6月23日 制图步骤 1. 将全球岛屿探测器数据裁剪至2022版基础蓝图空间范围，并合并大小岛屿。 2. 从关键栖息地矢量数据（CRITHAB_POLY.shp）中，依据“通用名称（comname）”字段筛选出以下物种：笛鸻、蠵龟、萨布尔角泽兰、佛罗里达旗柱仙人掌、银稻鼠、巴特拉姆灰蝶。 3. 将筛选出的物种关键栖息地数据裁剪至合并后的岛屿图层。 4. 将岛屿与筛选后的物种栖息地数据转换为栅格格式，并裁剪至2022版基础蓝图空间范围。 5. 添加零值像素，以帮助用户更好地理解本指标的空间范围，并提升其在在线工具中的运行性能。 6. 对岛屿矢量图层进行40公里缓冲区分析，生成沿海岸线连续无间隙的缓冲区，并基于该缓冲区创建零值栅格。 7. 合并所有栅格图层：包含目标物种关键栖息地的岛屿区域赋值为2，其余岛屿区域赋值为1，上述缓冲区范围内的其他区域赋值为0。 8. 最后一步：将合并后的栅格裁剪至2023版东南部蓝图空间范围。 注：如需了解制图步骤的更多细节，可在“东南部蓝图数据下载”的>6_Code路径下获取用于生成该图层的代码。 最终指标值 指标值赋值规则如下： - 2：属于6种受威胁或濒危物种（笛鸻、蠵龟、萨布尔角泽兰、佛罗里达旗柱仙人掌、银稻鼠或巴特拉姆灰蝶）的岛屿关键栖息地 - 1：其余岛屿区域 - 0：非海岸岛屿区域 已知问题 本指标低估了路易斯安那州沿海尚德勒尔群岛部分区域的笛鸻关键栖息地范围。障壁岛的地理位置具有高度动态性，部分区域的岛屿边界与关键栖息地数据存在位置不一致的情况。 免责声明：与旧版指标的对比 使用东南部蓝图指标进行变化分析存在诸多问题。如需开展此类分析，请咨询蓝图项目工作人员（邮箱：[e-mail]）。 参考文献 1. Sayre, R., S. Noble, S. Hamann, R. Smith, D. Wright, S. Breyer, K. Butler, K. Van Graafeiland, C. Frye, D. Karagulle, D. Hopkins, D. Stephens, K. Kelly, Z. Basher, D. Burton, J. Cress, K. Atkins, D. van Sistine, B. Friesen, B. Allee, T. Allen, P. Aniello, I. Asaad, M. Costello, K. Goodin, P. Harris, M. Kavanaugh, H. Lillis, E. Manca, F. Muller-Karger, B. Nyberg, R. Parsons, J. Saarinen, J. Steiner, and A. Reed. 2018. 一套用于构建标准化全球生态海岸单元的30米分辨率全球海岸线矢量数据及配套全球岛屿数据库. 《作业海洋学期刊——蓝色星球特刊》. [https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2018.1529714]. 2. U.S. Geological Survey and Esri. Global Island Explorer. 2022年5月13日访问. [https://rmgsc.cr.usgs.gov/gie/]. 3. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Critical Habitat. 2022年6月23日访问. [https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/report/table/critical-habitat.html].