Functional and proteomic analysis of Lactobacillus rhamnosus-derived extracellular vesicles with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity

We analyzed the proteomic profiles of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and cell-derived vesicles (CDVs) from Lactobacillus rhamnosus using LC-MS/MS. EVs showed distinct protein signatures and superior bioactivities, supporting their potential as probiotic nanotherapeutics.