Where and what kind – a better understanding of local and landscape features in planning the urban flower meadows for supporting bee communities

Cities are growing ecosystems in the modern world. Due to their heterogeneity, urban areas have multifaceted influences on organisms, including bees. However, in many specific city greenspace designs and management implementations, our understanding of their functionality remains limited. This is also true for urban flower meadows (UFMs).
We extensively examined UFMs in three large cities to answer the following question: What features of UFMs and their surroundings (urban matrix) are the most important in supporting bees in cities?
Our multifaceted approach revealed that the mosaics of habitats surrounding UFMs are at least as necessary to support bees as the local features of UFMs. An abundance of bees responded positively to the number of flowering units and to the blue and yellow colors of flowers, and increased cover of industrial areas, green urban areas, and pastures in a 100-m buffer. Increasing the cover of the continuous urban fabric in all buffer zones (100 m, 300 m, and 500 ..., , # Where and what kind – a better understanding of local and landscape features in planning the urban flower meadows for supporting bee communities

Dataset DOI: [10.5061/dryad.z08kprrrc](10.5061/dryad.z08kprrrc)

## Description of the data and file structure

The study was conducted in 2021 across all open green areas designated as urban flower meadows (n = 55) in three major Polish cities (each with >290,000 inhabitants): Białystok (BI) (53°07′59″N, 23°09′51″E), Bydgoszcz (CB) (53°07′24.6″N, 18°00′27.43″E), and Łódź (EL) (51°45′00″N, 19°28′00″E), located in the northern, central, and eastern parts of Poland, respectively. The dataset “Data_landscape” includes raw data on: 1) landscape variables, specifically features of the urban matrix, which were characterized based on Urban Atlas 2018 maps (Copernicus, 2020), which describe 20 different types of urban land use (Table – variable E-X). The area was analyzed within three buffers (100, 300, and 500 meters) around urban flower meadows.

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